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Elizabeth Mcleod Jochen Hinkel Athanasios T. Vafeidis Robert J. Nicholls Nick Harvey Rodney Salm 《Sustainability Science》2010,5(2):207-222
Sea-level rise is a major threat facing the Coral Triangle countries in the twenty-first century. Assessments of vulnerability and adaptation that consider the interactions among natural and social systems are critical to identifying habitats and communities vulnerable to sea-level rise and for supporting the development of adaptation strategies. This paper presents such an assessment using the DIVA model and identifies vulnerable coastal regions and habitats in Coral Triangle countries at national and sub-national levels (administrative provinces). The following four main sea-level rise impacts are assessed in ecological, social and economic terms over the twenty-first century: (1) coastal wetland change, (2) increased coastal flooding, (3) increased coastal erosion, and (4) saltwater intrusion into estuaries and deltas. The results suggest that sea-level rise will significantly affect coastal regions and habitats in the Coral Triangle countries, but the impacts will differ across the region in terms of people flooded annually, coastal wetland change and loss, and damage and adaptation costs. Indonesia is projected to be most affected by coastal flooding, with nearly 5.9 million people expected to experience flooding annually in 2100 assuming no adaptation. However, if adaptation is considered, this number is significantly reduced. By the end of the century, coastal wetland loss is most significant for Indonesia in terms of total area lost, but the Solomon Islands are projected to experience the greatest relative loss of coastal wetlands. Damage costs associated with sea-level rise are highest in the Philippines (US $6.5 billion/year) and lowest in the Solomon Islands (US $70,000/year). Adaptation is estimated to reduce damage costs significantly, in particular for the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia (between 68 and 99%). These results suggest that the impacts of sea-level rise are likely to be widespread in the region and adaptation measures must be broadly applied. 相似文献
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Reimann Lena Merkens Jan-Ludolf Vafeidis Athanasios T. 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(1):235-245
Regional Environmental Change - Existing narratives and population projections of the global-scale Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) do not capture regional differences in socioeconomic... 相似文献
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Sea-level rise impacts on Africa and the effects of mitigation and adaptation: an application of DIVA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jochen Hinkel Sally Brown Lars Exner Robert J. Nicholls Athanasios T. Vafeidis Abiy S. Kebede 《Regional Environmental Change》2012,12(1):207-224
This paper assesses sea-level rise impacts on Africa at continental and national scales including the benefits of mitigation
and of applying adaptation measures, considering four scenarios of global mean sea-level rises from 64 to 126 cm in the period
of 1995–2100. We find that in 2100, 16–27 million people are expected to be flooded per year, and annual damage costs range
between US5 and US 5 and US 9 billion, if no adaptation takes place. Mitigation reduces impacts by 11–36%. Adaptation in the form
of building dikes to protect against coastal flooding and nourishing beaches to protect against coastal erosion reduces the
number of people flooded by two orders of magnitude and cuts damage costs in half by 2100. Following such a protection strategy
would require substantial investment. First, Africa’s current adaptation deficit with respect to coastal flooding would need
to be addressed. DIVA suggests that a capital investment of US300 billion is required to build dikes adapted to the current surge regime and US 300 billion is required to build dikes adapted to the current
surge regime and US 3 billion per year for maintenance. In addition, between US2 and US 2 and US 6 billion per year needs to be
spent on protecting against future sea-level rise and socio-economic development by 2100. This suggests that protection is
not effective from a monetary perspective but may still be desirable when also taking into account the avoided social impact.
We conclude that this issue requires further investigation including sub-national scale studies that look at impacts and adaptation
in conjunction with the development agenda and consider a wider range of adaptation options and strategies. 相似文献
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Assessing risk of and adaptation to sea-level rise in the European Union: an application of DIVA 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Jochen Hinkel Robert J. Nicholls Athanasios T. Vafeidis Richard S.J. Tol Thaleia Avagianou 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):703-719
This paper applies the DIVA model to assess the risk of and adaptation to sea-level rise for the European Union in the 21st century under the A2 and B1 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. For each scenario, impacts are estimated without and with adaptation in the form of increasing dike heights and nourishing beaches. Before 2050, the level of impacts is primarily determined by socio-economic development. In 2100 and assuming no adaptation, 780?×?103 people/year are estimated to be affected by coastal flooding under A2 and 200?×?103 people/year under B1. The total monetary damage caused by flooding, salinity intrusion, land erosion and migration is projected to be about US$ 17?×?109 under both scenarios in 2100; damage costs relative to GDP are highest for the Netherlands (0.3% of GDP under A2). Adaptation reduces the number of people flooded by factors of 110 to 288 and total damage costs by factors of 7 to 9. In 2100 adaptation costs are projected to be US$ 3.5?×?109 under A2 and 2.6?×?109 under B1; adaptation costs relative to GDP are highest for Estonia (0.16% under A2) and Ireland (0.05% under A2). These results suggest that adaptation measures to sea-level rise are beneficial and affordable, and will be widely applied throughout the European Union. 相似文献
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