Safer Truck Front Design for Pedestrian Impacts*

Truck and bus frontal impacts account for a major proportion of pedestrian fatalities in many less motorized countries. To understand this phenomenon, we have collected injury data on pedestrian impacts with buses and trucks and performed computer simulations to identify critical design parameters at 15–45 km/h impact velocities for further investigation. A male dummy which was scaled to fifty percentile Indian dimensions has been used for simulations using MADYMO. Bumper height, bumper offset and grille inclination affect the pelvis and thorax forces and Head Injury Criterion values critically. Bumper width has less effect. Simulations were performed to optimize for the above–mentioned three parameters. Changes in front geometric parameters reduce injury to the upper body and head below safety limits for the existing force–displacement properties but do not affect leg injuries significantly. Hence bumpers need to be made less stiff. Injury data shows that pedestrians also sustain tibia fractures in bus/truck impacts in apparent low velocity impacts. The computer modeling does not offer adequate explanation for this phenomenon. These simulations confirm that it is theoretically possible to make truck/bus fronts safer for pedestrians in impacts up to 35 km/h.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on skin structure and ultrastructure in Caspian Sea Salmon,Salmo trutta caspius,during alevin stage

Ozone reduction enhances the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the aquatic ecosystems, which can induce adverse effects on fish. In order to study the UV radiation effects on skin structure and ultrastructure, the alevins of Salmo trutta caspius were exposed to two different doses of UV radiation (low doses of: 60 µW cm^?2 UVC; 100 µW cm^?2 UVB; and 40 µW cm^?2 UVA and high doses of: 90 µW cm^?2 UVC; 130 µW cm^?2 UVB; and 50 µW cm^?2 UVA) for 15 min once a day in dark condition. Alevins with no exposure to either solar light or UV exposure served as the control group. No mortality was observed in the control group, whereas all of the alevins died in the 9th day in both UV exposure groups. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies showed significant reduction in the epidermis thickness, number of skin mucous cells, and percentage of mucus secreting cells in both UV exposure groups. Sunburn cells, lifting epidermis from basal membrane, and disappearance of pavement cell microridges were also observed. Our results showed that UV radiation caused intensive skin cell lesions in the Caspian salmon alevins. Since the skin cells of trout alevins possesses essential roles in respiration, osmoregulation, excretion and defense, the observed damages to the skin could be attributed to their sudden mortality in the UV exposure.     

INTEGRATED NATIONAL ENERGY PLANNING (INEP) IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Recent increases in energy prices have drawn attention to the importance of developing an integrated approach to energy sector planning, in contrast to the prevailing practice of uncoordinated planning in different energy sub-sectors. Integrated national energy planning (INEP) requires a clear definition of national objectives, in relation to which links between the energy sector, and activities in each individual sub-sector, may be analysed. Policy tools for achieving national goals include physical controls, technical methods, education and propaganda, and pricing. Use of these tools must be coordinated. The INEP procedure, which leads to an energy master plan, consists of several steps: determining the socio-economic background, supply and demand analysis, energy balance, and policy formulation. Initially INEP may be carried out at a relatively simple level, and later as data and analytical capabilities improve more sophisticated computerized modelling techniques could be implemented. The institutional structure should be rationalized by setting up a central energy authority (CEA) or ministry of energy (MOE), with its principal focus on energy planning and policy formulation. Les récentes hausses des prix de l'énergie ont révélé l'importance de l'élaboration d'une approche intégrée de la planification du secteur de l'énergie contrastant avec les pratiques courantes de planification non coordonnée qui existent dans les différents sous-secteurs de l'énergie. La planification nationale intégrée de l'énergie (PNIE) requiert une définition précise des objectifs nationaux à la lumière desquels on pourra analyser les liens existant entre le secteur de l'énergie et les autres secteurs de l'économie, les rapports entre les sous-secteurs à l'intérieur du secteur de l'énergie et les activités de chaque sous-secteur pris individuellement. Les contrôles directs, les méthodes techniques, l'enseignement, la publicité et la fixation des prix sont au nombre des moyens d'action dont dispose une telle politique pour parvenir aux objectifs nationaux. La procedure de la PNIE qui conduit â l'élaboration d'un plan-cadre en matière d'énergie comprend plusieurs étapes: détermination du contexte socio-économique, analyse de l'offre et de la demande, bilan énergétique et formulation politique. Dans une première étape, la PNIE peut être effectuée à un niveau relativement élémentaire et par la suite, au fur et à mesure que les donnés et les méthodes d'analyse s'améliorent, des techniques informatiques plus avancées en matiére d'établissement de modèlas pourraient étre utilisées. Le cadre institutionnel devrait être rationalise par la creation d'une autorité centrale de l'énergie ou d'un ministêre de l'énergie ayant pour tâche principale la planification de l'énergie et la formulation de politiques. Los recientes aumentos de los precios de energía resaltan la importancia de un enfoque integral en la planificación del sector de energía, en contraste a la practice generalizada de la planificación por subsectores de energía. La Planificación Energética Nacional Integrada (PENI) requiere una clara definición de objetivos nacionales en relación a los cuales pueden analizarse las relaciones entre el sector de energía y el resto de la economía, las inter-acciones entre los subsectores de energía y las actividades dentro de cada subsector. Las herramientas de política para alcanzar objetivos nacionales incluyen controles físicos, métodos técnicos, educación y propaganda, y precios. El procesco de PENI, que da como resultado un Plan Maestro de Energia, comprende varias etapas: determinación de las condiciones socioeconómicas, análisis de la demanda y la oferta, balance energético, y formulación de políticas. Al comienzo la PENI puede llevarse a cabo a un nivel relativamente simple; luego, cuando la información y la capacidad analítica mejoran se pueden implementar técnícas de modelización a base de computadoras. El marco institucional debe racionalizarse mediante la creación de una autoridad energética central o ministro de energía, encargado en particular de la formulación de políticas y la planificación energéticas.     

Organochlorine residues in the avifauna of Tamil Nadu (Southeast coast of India)

Pollution due to persistent pesticides is not a regional but a global problem. Organochlorine pesticides are persistent chemicals, stored and accumulated in the tissues of a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates including marine species. In the present study the organochlorine residues HCHs, DDTs and PCBs were measured in different trophic groups of birds (scavengers, inland piscivores, coastal piscivores, insectivores, granivores and omnivores) collected from Tamil Nadu Coast, India. The residue accumulation as a function of sex did not depict distinct variation. However, females had lower residue levels than males in terms of their mean weight and feeding habits. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.     

Effects of daily nickel intake on the bio-accumulation,body weight and length in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Nickel pollution is a serious environmental problem, and its effects may provoke alterations in the ecosystem and in organism of animals and humans. Dermatitis, eczema, and asthma are some illnesses caused by Ni²⁺ poisoning. In this work, fish fed either Ni²⁺-enriched pellets or commercial pellets were studied. The amount of Ni²⁺ in fish were measurements by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) with dimethylglyoxime as a complexing agent. The analysis of Ni²⁺ in fish by AdSV established that its accumulation occurs principally in viscera (670.86 ± 5.82 µg g^?1), in the head (697.12 ± 2.77 µg g^?1) and in the muscle (405.82 ± 3.26 µg g^?1), both after 12 months of experiments. Ni²⁺ adsorbs preferentially in organs such as the stomach, the intestine, and the kidneys and acts in the central nervous system as well. Tilapia growth and mass were significantly affected by Ni²⁺ poisoning. From statistical analysis, observed that the results for lengths, weights and metal concentration were different for each sampling at significance level of p < 0.05. The Ni²⁺ concentration in tilapia was enough to cause the death of tilapias; however, it did not occur because the presence of Zn²⁺ might act as protective agent of heavy metals.     

Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by chemically treated water hyacinth

Water hyacinth (WH), an aquatic plant macrophyte, was investigated for its ability to perform as a suitable adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The non-living biomass of WH was subjected to several chemical treatments, namely, washing with hot water, washing with hot dilute HCl, soaking in NaOH, soaking in HNO₃, and sulfonation. The system variables studied also include pH and MB concentration. The Langmuir isotherm was found to represent the measured adsorption data well except for WH soaked in NaOH, which was found to be better represented by the Freundlich isotherm. Values of the dimensionless separation factor, K _R, indicated that the adsorption systems in this study are all favorable. Values of the first layer of adsorption were calculated by the non-linear multilayer adsorption model, and the specific surface area values were found to be high and comparable to commercially activated carbons.