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1.
Understanding implications of consumer behavior for wildlife farming and sustainable wildlife trade 下载免费PDF全文
A. Nuno J. M. Blumenthal T. J. Austin J. Bothwell G. Ebanks‐Petrie B. J. Godley A. C. Broderick 《Conservation biology》2018,32(2):390-400
Unsustainable wildlife trade affects biodiversity and the livelihoods of communities dependent upon those resources. Wildlife farming has been proposed to promote sustainable trade, but characterizing markets and understanding consumer behavior remain neglected but essential steps in the design and evaluation of such operations. We used sea turtle trade in the Cayman Islands, where turtles have been farm raised for human consumption for almost 50 years, as a case study to explore consumer preferences toward wild‐sourced (illegal) and farmed (legal) products and potential conservation implications. Combining methods innovatively (including indirect questioning and choice experiments), we conducted a nationwide trade assessment through in‐person interviews from September to December 2014. Households were randomly selected using disproportionate stratified sampling, and responses were weighted based on district population size. We approached 597 individuals, of which 37 (6.2%) refused to participate. Although 30% of households had consumed turtle in the previous 12 months, the purchase and consumption of wild products was rare (e.g., 64–742 resident households consumed wild turtle meat [i.e., 0.3–3.5% of households] but represented a large threat to wild turtles in the area due to their reduced populations). Differences among groups of consumers were marked, as identified through choice experiments, and price and source of product played important roles in their decisions. Despite the long‐term practice of farming turtles, 13.5% of consumers showed a strong preference for wild products, which demonstrates the limitations of wildlife farming as a single tool for sustainable wildlife trade. By using a combination of indirect questioning, choice experiments, and sales data to investigate demand for wildlife products, we obtained insights about consumer behavior that can be used to develop conservation‐demand‐focused initiatives. Lack of data from long‐term social–ecological assessments hinders the evaluation of and learning from wildlife farming. This information is key to understanding under which conditions different interventions (e.g., bans, wildlife farming, social marketing) are likely to succeed. 相似文献
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Fishing‐gear restrictions and biomass gains for coral reef fishes in marine protected areas 下载免费PDF全文
Stuart J. Campbell Graham J. Edgar Rick D. Stuart‐Smith German Soler Amanda E. Bates 《Conservation biology》2018,32(2):401-410
Considerable empirical evidence supports recovery of reef fish populations with fishery closures. In countries where full exclusion of people from fishing may be perceived as inequitable, fishing‐gear restrictions on nonselective and destructive gears may offer socially relevant management alternatives to build recovery of fish biomass. Even so, few researchers have statistically compared the responses of tropical reef fisheries to alternative management strategies. We tested for the effects of fishery closures and fishing gear restrictions on tropical reef fish biomass at the community and family level. We conducted 1,396 underwater surveys at 617 unique sites across a spatial hierarchy within 22 global marine ecoregions that represented 5 realms. We compared total biomass across local fish assemblages and among 20 families of reef fishes inside marine protected areas (MPAs) with different fishing restrictions: no‐take, hook‐and‐line fishing only, several fishing gears allowed, and sites open to all fishing gears. We included a further category representing remote sites, where fishing pressure is low. As expected, full fishery closures, (i.e., no‐take zones) most benefited community‐ and family‐level fish biomass in comparison with restrictions on fishing gears and openly fished sites. Although biomass responses to fishery closures were highly variable across families, some fishery targets (e.g., Carcharhinidae and Lutjanidae) responded positively to multiple restrictions on fishing gears (i.e., where gears other than hook and line were not permitted). Remoteness also positively affected the response of community‐level fish biomass and many fish families. Our findings provide strong support for the role of fishing restrictions in building recovery of fish biomass and indicate important interactions among fishing‐gear types that affect biomass of a diverse set of reef fish families. 相似文献
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燃煤电厂海水烟气脱硫工艺原理初探 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
海水烟气脱硫工艺是利用天然的纯海水(燃煤电厂可直接利用电厂的冷却循环水)作为烟气中SO2的吸收剂,无需其它任何添加剂,也不产生任何废弃物,具有技术成熟、工艺简单、系统运行可靠、脱硫效率高(理论脱硫效率可达98%)和投资运行费用低等特点,目前在一些国家和地区已得到日益广泛的应用。本文是在部分模拟试验的基础上,对海水烟气脱硫工艺进行了简单的阐述。 相似文献
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Mamoru Morikawa Kazutoshi Cho Soromon Kataoka Emi H. Kato Takashi Yamada Hideto Yamada Hisanori Minakami 《黑龙江环境通报》2005,25(3):250-252
Two cases with a large cystic mass within the placenta are reported. By ultrasonography, it was found that both women had a subchorionic hypoechoic lesion (11.0 × 4.8 × 4.0 cm and 6.6 × 3.7 × 2.2 cm, respectively) at 24 and 35 weeks of gestation, respectively. In both cases, turbulent blood flow generated by a pulsatile jet flow (pulse rate; 40 to 60 beats per minute) into the cystic lesion seen on real-time imaging and lesions being low intensity on T1-weighted and isointensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance image suggested that they contained fresh maternal blood. In both cases, the sonolucency of the lesions did not change until cesarean deliveries of females, both of whom were small-for-gestational-age infants (1940 g at 37 weeks and 2195 g at 37 weeks, respectively). Biochemical analysis of the fluid in the cystic lesion sampled during the cesarean section in the latter case confirmed that the fluid had originated from the maternal blood. These lesions histologically corresponded to large avillous areas surrounded by normal villi. Thus, a huge placental lake was diagnosed in both cases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Dong Junran Wu Desheng Song Jingxiu Lu Jie 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2022,24(4):5451-5472
Environment, Development and Sustainability - The ecological compensation mechanism is regarded as the direction for the future management of the ecological environment of the river basin, which... 相似文献
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Environment, Development and Sustainability - Ecological welfare performance is a measure of the relationship between input ecological resources and output welfare, and it reflects the sustainable... 相似文献
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为研究粗放型绿色屋顶基质层对雨水出流N、P、COD和SS淋失的影响,根据华中地区降雨强度和水质实际情况,构建了3种不同基材配方的绿色屋顶基质层,在9场模拟暴雨下进行绿色屋顶的基质出流水质监测。结果表明:本试验各绿色屋顶设施对TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和SS都有较好的削减作用,但对TP和PO43--P淋失现象明显,绿色屋顶的出流中以颗粒态P和溶解态N为主;去除出流中SS,对净化COD效果显著;生物炭的添加对出流污染物有明显的控制作用,能有效缓解降雨初期污染物浓度高的问题,同时能显著增加植物地上部生物量;厚度为5 cm的绿色屋顶出流水中N和COD较10 cm厚度低,但其SS出流平均浓度偏高,且植物后期不能维持良好的长势。粗放型绿色屋顶设施运行稳定后截污效应良好,具有较高的可行性和广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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Dong Cao Ziyu Rao Fanglan Geng Hongyun Niu Yali Shi Yaqi Cai Yuehui Kang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(11):67-74
Molecular level characterization of dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) by electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR MS) is necessary for further understanding of the role of DOS in the environment. Here, ESI spray solvent, a key parameter for ion production during ESI process, was investigated for its effect on the molecular characterization of DOS by ESI-FTICR MS. 100% MeOH as spray solvent was found for the first time to remarkably enhance the ionization efficiency of the majority of CHOS-molecules in NOM, which facilitated a total of 1473 CHOS-molecular formulas with one sulfur atom to be detected. The number of CHOS-molecular formulas obtained using 100%MeOH as spray solvent increased notably over 740 in comparison with those using 50% MeOH aqueous solution (731) or 50% ACN aqueous solution (653). Moreover, due to the enhancement of ionization efficiency of DOS during ESI processes, the tandem mass spectra of the NOM CHOS-molecules could be easily obtained using 100% MeOH as spray solvent, which were hardly obtained using 50% MeOH aqueous solution as spray solvent. The results of the tandem mass spectra suggested the first discovery of organosulfates or sulfonic acids in Suwannee River NOM sample. A simple method based on 100% MeOH as ESI spray solvent for advanced molecular characterization of DOS by ESI-FTICR MS was proposed and applied, and the results revealed more molecular information of DOS in sea DOM samples. 相似文献