改进密切值法在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用

密切值法(Osculating Method)作为一种多目标优选方法,在水环境质量评价中具有一定的应用.经过改进,将各级营养级别作为评价样本,参与到湖泊水环境样本的矩阵中,引入目标差值率对初始矩阵进行规范化处理,并应用层次分析法,对各评价指标的贡献程度加以确定.将改进后的密切值法应用于湖泊富营养化评价中.经实例分析表明,该方法概念清晰、计算简便实用,保证了湖泊水环境质量评价的科学性,能较好地反映湖泊水环境质量的优劣,并使其与各级营养级别的关系一目了然.     

应用改进密切值法进行地表水环境综合评价

针对密切值法应用中的实际问题,引入目标差值率和虚拟优点、劣点的概念,对密切值法进行了改进.将改进后的密切值法应用于地表水环境综合评价中,经实例分析表明,该方法概念清晰、计算简便实用,且从评价结果可获许多潜在的信息,是开展地表水流域水环境综合评价的一种有效的方法.     

闽江下游突发性水污染事故时空模拟

以闽江下游为例,基于有限元法建立闽江下游水动力模型及水质模型,通过对模型进行率定和验证,表明该模型具有较理想的模拟效果.在此基础上,利用闽江下游2004年的水文情况,模拟了突发性水污染事故中污染物的运移扩散过程.定量模拟了突发性水污染事故发生后,闽江下游不同地点处污染物到达的时间和浓度值,并对突发风险事故的影响范围、程...     

应用属性识别模型评价洛阳市大气环境质量

通过将熵值法与属性识别理论相结合,建立了基于熵权的属性识别理论模型,并根据"大气环境质量标准"(GB3095-1996),对洛阳市2005年至2009年的大气环境质量进行了综合评价。结果表明:2005年至2009年洛阳市的大气环境质量均为Ⅱ级。评价结果与模糊数学综合评判法分析结果一致,说明运用属性识别理论应用于大气环境质量评价是合理可信的。     

Less attention paid to waterborne SARS-CoV-2 spreading in Beijing urban communities

• A survey on individual’s perception of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was conducted. • Waterborne transmission risks are far less perceived by individuals. • Precautions of preventing wastewater mediated transmission are implemented. • The precautions for wastewater transmission are less favored by the public. • Education level differs the most regarding to waterborne transmission perception. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in various environmental media. Community and individual-engaged precautions are recommended to stop or slow environmentally-mediated transmission. To better understand the individual’s awareness of and precaution to environmental dissemination of SARS-CoV-2, an online survey was conducted in Beijing during March 14–25, 2020. It is found that the waterborne (especially wastewater mediated) spreading routes are far less perceived by urban communities. The precautions for wastewater transmission are less favored by the public than airborne and solid waste mediated spreading routes. Such risk communication asymmetry in waterborne transmission will be further enlarged in places with fragile water system. Furthermore, education level is the most significant attribution (Sig.<0.05) that causes the difference of awareness and precautions of the waterborne transmission among the respondents, according to the variance analysis results. Our survey results emphasize the urgent need for evidence-based, multifactorial precautions for current and future outbreaks of COVID-19.     

液质联用代谢组学研究多氯联苯和二噁英对大鼠毒性作用

采用基于液质联用(LC-MS)的代谢组学方法研究多氯联苯(PCBs)和2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-p-二噁英(TCDD)及联合染毒对大鼠生化代谢的影响.对雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠连续3 d分别灌胃TCDD(10μg.kg-1)、PCBs(Aroclor 1254,10 mg.kg-1)及其混合溶液(10μg.kg-1 TCDD和10 mg.kg-1 Aroclor1254),采用液质联用法在尿液和血浆样本中分别检测出749个和343个色谱峰.PCBs、TCDD及其联合染毒后引起大鼠生化代谢的显著变化.多变量分析结果表明,毒性的大小是:联合染毒>TCDD>PCBs.采用标准物对照、准确质量数、多级质谱碎片离子图和数据库检索的方法,分别在尿液和血浆样本中鉴定出8个和20个生物标记物,表明PCBs和TCDD能导致免疫系统、肝脏和神经系统障碍、干扰脂代谢.     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

Abstract

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste (MHW) which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10⁵ ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out in-field investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize hazardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

新型聚乙烯包装材料的可环境消纳性能研究

借助人工加速老化实验箱、户外暴晒架、自然土壤填埋坑等实验方法，采用力学性能测试、扫描电镜、热－红联用仪和乌氏粘度计等测试方法对所研制的新型聚乙烯（PE）塑料包装材料的可环境消纳性能进行探讨。实验结果表明，该材料自然暴露35d，羰基指数（CI）为45，光照10d后自然土壤掩埋，一年后CI为70，粘均分子质量Mη降到3678；生物降解性能达到3级；进行焚烧处理，尤其是在受光照后进行焚烧，可完全燃烧，不产生有害气体或粉尘。     

灰色聚类法评价山仔水库富营养类型

介绍灰色聚类法的原理和步骤,并且进一步通过应用灰色聚类法对山仔水库富营养类型进行评价.从而得出山仔水库1998年水质属于富营养到极富营养,2001和2002年的水质属于中富营养.利用灰色聚类法对一些灰色现象作出判断,说明灰色聚类法是一种比较简单的评价方法,对正确把握水质现状以及实施水污染综合整治提供比较具体的科学依据.     

瞬时源示踪实验确定河流纵向离散系数和横向混合系数的线性回归法

本文从瞬时源二维浓度公式出发,经数学推导得出一直线方程Y=AT+B,变量Y、T可由t、c、c’_t来表示.系数A、B含有待确定的参数D_x、D_y,河流纵向和横向流速u、v,以及观测点坐标x、y.由实验观测数据(c_i,I_i通过线性回归可确定A、B,进而解二元代数方程组求出纵向离散系数D_x及横向混合系数D_y.