Control of aliphatic halogenated DBP precursors with multiple drinking water treatment processes: Formation potential and integrated toxicity

The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials(FPs) of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products(DBPs)(including carbonaceous DBPs(C-DBPs), nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs), and iodinated DBPs(I-DBPs)) with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment(coagulation–sedimentation, pre-sand filtration), ozone-biological activated carbon(O_3-BAC) advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated.The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide,and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O_3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON.After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles(HANs)》haloacetamides(HAMs) haloacetic acids(HAAs) trihalomethanes(THMs) halonitromethanes(HNMs) 》I-DBPs(I-HAMs and I-THMs). I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.     

Prediction of the adsorption capability onto activated carbon of a large data set of chemicals by local lazy regression method

Accurate quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models based on a large data set containing a total of 3483 organic compounds were developed to predict chemicals’ adsorption capability onto activated carbon in gas phrase. Both global multiple linear regression (MLR) method and local lazy regression (LLR) method were used to develop QSPR models. The results proved that LLR has prediction accuracy 10% higher than that of MLR model. By applying LLR method we can predict the test set (787 compounds) with Q²_ext of 0.900 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.129. The accurate model based on this large data set could be useful to predict adsorption property of new compounds since such model covers a highly diverse structural space.     

贵州梵净山九龙池沉积物14C年代学研究及全新世碳累积速率变化

放射性碳同位素加速器质谱（ASM¹⁴C）测年法是湖泊沉积物定年的主要方法,并且是全新世年代学研究的热点。随着对全新世古气候与环境变化研究的深入,选取不同介质定年可能对年代模型的准确性造成误差,进而影响到气候指标的解译。本文选取贵州东北部梵净山九龙池沉积物中树枝、树叶、树皮、种子等植物残体和全样有机质作为测年介质,利用ASM¹⁴C进行定年。结果表明,相比全样有机质,使用植物残体定年可以在一定程度上避免碳库效应的影响。但相比于原位沉积且生长年限较短的叶片,树枝的定年结果偏老,不是一种理想的定年介质。另外,根据定年结果及总有机碳含量重建了全新世九龙池的碳累积速率,发现碳累积速率可以指示该地区亚洲夏季风强度的变化历史。     

利用氮氧同位素解析赤水河流域水体硝酸盐来源及其时空变化特征

赤水河流域作为长江上游重要的水源涵养区,其生态环境状况及水环境质量备受关注。为了了解流域河水氮素来源,本次研究利用硝酸盐稳定同位素(~(15)N、~(18)O)示踪技术并结合流域土地利用类型空间分布分析了赤水河流域丰水期与枯水期干流及主要支流河水硝酸盐来源与转化过程。结果表明,流域水体NO_3~-浓度具有明显的时空变化,其中丰水期NO_3~-浓度要高于枯水期,喀斯特区域的NO_3~-浓度要高于非喀斯特区域。流域干、支流水体δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(18)O-NO_3~-季节性差异明显,丰水期支流δ~(15)N-NO_3~-差异较大,干流差异较小,而枯水期支流δ~(15)N-NO_3~-差异较小,干流差异较大。结合氮氧同位素和土地利用信息发现,丰水期支流NO_3~-受其土地利用方式的影响,其来源具有多样性;干流NO_3~-浓度则主要受支流混合作用影响。枯水期干流NO_3~-受流域人为活动影响较为显著,点源输入造成水体氮同位素分布范围较宽,主要来源表现为生活污水和土壤有机氮;而支流NO_3~-多表现为土壤有机氮来源,部分支流受流域内城镇影响,生活污水对河流NO_3~-贡献较大。流域水体氮污染控制应以农业面源氮流失为主,同时严格控制点源污染的输入。     

Application of improved seasonal GM(1,1) model based on HP filter for runoff prediction in Xiangjiang River

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Runoff forecasting is essential for the reasonable use of regional water resources, flood prevention, and mitigation, as well as the development of...     

冷库输氨管道氨气泄漏扩散特性分析及事故后果研究

针对冷库输氨管道老化腐蚀从而发生泄漏问题,建立开放空间氨气泄漏计算流体力学模型,分析了泄漏时间、泄漏速度和环境风速对氨气在开放空间浓度分布规律的影响。结果表明,泄漏时间对氨气浓度分布影响很大,随着时间增长,空间各点氨气浓度总体逐渐增大后稳定不变,不同点浓度增大的路径不同,浓度达到稳定的时间也不同;泄漏速度越大,氨气在同一时间内扩散范围越大,对大气环境危害更严重;风速越大,扩散区域有所偏移,但区域内氨气浓度变化不大。研究结论可为冷库氨泄漏事故处理提供借鉴。     

芦苇与香蒲对水中总磷总氮净化能力研究

通过开展芦苇与香蒲两种大型水生植物对水体的净化效果的动态研究,可以发现这两种植物均可以有效地去除水体中的TN与TP,去除率均在70％以上,其中芦苇的总体效果最好,对TN和TP的去除率分别为86.53％和78.17％;香蒲的去除率分别为72.05％和89.98％.经过试验期的净化作用,使原本处于劣V类水的水体质量提高到Ⅲ类水以上.证明这两种植物可以作为小型景观水体的净水植物.     

中国十条主要入海河流河口汞的形态分布特征与入海通量估算

为了解我国河流向海洋汞的输送通量,选取我国沿海10条大型河流的河口作为采样点,采集水体和沉积物,测定水中不同形态汞,包括总汞（THg）、溶解态汞（DHg）、颗粒态汞（PHg）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和溶解有机碳（DOC）等,测定了沉积物THg和甲基汞（MeHg）等.结合河流的径流量,对陆地经河流向海洋汞的输入量进行了粗略的估算.结果显示：我国十条主要入海河流地表水THg含量为2.79~145.15 ng·L^-1,DHg含量为0.61~4.44 ng·L^-1,PHg含量为1.28~143.54 ng·L^-1.PHg约占THg含量的41%~99%,DHg约占THg含量的1%~35%.表层沉积物THg含量为0.02~0.3 mg·kg^-1,MeHg含量为0.04~2.00 μg·kg^-1.MeHg百分含量为0.1%~1.2%.沉积物THg、MeHg和 TOC之间呈显著相关性（p<0.01）.我国主要河流经径流输入THg的入海通量为10.01~29.92 t·a^-1,长江是我国河流向海洋汞输送通量的贡献量最大,约占到我国主要河流入海汞通量的58%~69%.本研究基于实测数据的估算值与前人的估算结果对比,我国主要河流的入海汞通量仅占全球入海汞通量0.2%~15%;对比前人对中国河流向海洋汞的输送通量实测结果以及模型模拟结果显示,实测结果在同一数量级,且实测结果比模拟结果更可靠.     

单轴压缩条件下预制裂纹红砂岩试样声发射特征研究*

为研究单轴压缩条件下预制裂纹红砂岩试样声发射特征,运用伺服压力机、声发射系统对砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,结合声发射特征参数与应力时间关系,对砂岩试样变形失稳破坏过程进行分析,并在相同加载方式下分析不同裂纹角度对砂岩试样变形破坏特征的影响。结果表明:砂岩试样破坏过程按力学性质可分为压密、弹性变化、塑性变化及峰后残余4个阶段,预制裂纹对试样的峰值应力有显著降低作用;声发射信号可分为平静期、上升期、波动期3个阶段,信号与砂岩试样破坏过程存在良好对应关系,不同角度预制裂纹对应的声发射信号特征不同,平静期45°裂纹试样声发射事件相对较活跃,振铃累积率相对最高,0°裂纹试样最早进入声发射波动期;在相同加载方式下,声发射信号参数RA值受裂纹角度影响较大,可以利用声发射信号RA值的演化判断岩石材料中裂纹方向与荷载方向的关系。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属固化稳定机理及系统评价方法的研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属是必须处理的环境污染物.目前,对于垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化稳定化处理已经有了大量的实验研究.但是,不同地区垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰中,重金属含量和形态大不相同,故相应的飞灰仍然难以实现大规模、普适性的处理.在查阅文献及实际调研的基础上,系统总结了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的存在形态与浸出特性;通过对重金属固化稳定...