基于GC-QTOF/MS的大气中有机污染物的非靶标筛查及半定量分析

本文借助气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱仪(GC-QTOF/MS)开展了大气中有机污染物的非靶标筛查,并对识别出的特征污染物进行半定量分析.基于高分辨质谱数据库和NIST质谱数据库的匹配,样品中共识别出139种污染物,主要以多环芳烃(PAHs)及其衍生物、邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)为主;除此之外,还识别出多种尚未受到监管的杂环类化合物,例如苯并噻唑、四甲基哌啶酮、1-甲基-2吡咯烷酮、氧杂蒽等.识别出的有机污染物半定量浓度为288 ng·m-3,其中大气常规监测的16种PAHs的浓度是18.1 ng·m-3,仅占总浓度的6.28％.PAEs的浓度为44.6 ng·m-3,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的浓度最高(14.8 ng·m-3).以含氮、氧、硫为主的杂环化合物浓度是47.9 ng·m-3,其中苯并噻唑浓度最高,为9.51 ng·m-3;其次是1-甲基-2吡咯烷酮、四甲基哌啶酮、尼古丁和二苯并呋喃,浓度分别为9.22、8.78、5.11、4.15 ng·m-3.本研究展示了高分辨质谱技术在未知物识别中的优势,并对识别出的特征污染物进行了半定量分析,其结果能够为后期污染物的风险评估提供借鉴意义.     

水旱轮作稻田旱作季种植不同作物对CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的重要温室气体,农田是大气CH4和N2O的重要来源,但目前农业措施对CH4和N2O排放的影响尚不明确。以水旱轮作稻田旱作季休闲为对照,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了种植紫云英、黑麦草、冬小麦以及油菜等4种作物对稻田旱作季CH4和N2O排放及其温室效应的影响。结果表明:水旱轮作稻田旱作季CH4排放通量较低,而N2O排放较为明显。稻田旱作季CH4平均排放通量表现为油菜黑麦草冬小麦紫云英休闲,依次为8.96、7.19、6.94、6.52和6.02μg·m-2·h-1,季节N2O平均排放通量的顺序是油菜(61.1μg·m-2·h-1)冬小麦(52.5μg·m-2·h-1)黑麦草(34.0μg·m-2·h-1)休闲(15.3μg·m-2·h-1)紫云英(13.6μg·m-2·h-1)。稻田旱作季种植不同作物对CH4和N2O季节总排放量的影响达到极显著水平(P0.01),CH4和N2O季节总排放量均以种植油菜为最大,分别达到43.2和294.7 mg·m-2,比对照休闲增加49%和299%。种植油菜、冬小麦和黑麦草较对照休闲显著增加稻田旱作季总增温潜势(P0.05),紫云英和休闲处理间总增温潜势无显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,种植油菜、冬小麦和黑麦草等作物由于氮肥的施用增加了水旱轮作稻田旱作季温室效应。     

A simple and promising route for biodiesel production from low-quality lipids

High production cost is the key issue of biodiesel industry nowadays. To decrease the cost, using low-quality lipids feedstock is the most effective way. For low-quality lipids with high content of free fatty acids, a simple and promising route is proposed to produce biodiesel. Instead of the typical two-step procedure, the esterification and transesterification processes are performed continuously by simultaneously eliminating the formed water in the reaction system with CaO powder. Investigations were carried out on the synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester and fatty acid ethyl ester. The results showed that the esterification rate reached to 99.6% for fatty acid methyl ester and 99.4% for fatty acid ethyl ester within 3–4 h, and the transesterification rate reached to 89.1 and 86.2%, respectively. Over 93 w% of feedstock oil could be transformed to biodiesel. Besides, hydrophobic CaCO₃ nanorods were also synthesized as value-added by-product. Based on the new route, the production process of biodiesel could be simplified and the production cost could be reduced.     

民航机组人员个体与组织匹配对安全绩效的影响——基于MOA模型的定性比较分析

人为因素成为当今航空飞行安全的最大隐患,针对人的安全科学管理至关重要.为进一步探索民航机组人员安全行为路径,寻求可能的行为管理切入点,将民航机组人员作为研究对象,以MOA模型(动机-机会-能力)为理论框架,应用模糊集定性比较分析方法,探究民航机组人员个体与组织两个层面的5个条件对员工安全绩效差异的多重并发复杂机制和因果...     

Bacteriophages in water pollution control: Advantages and limitations

•Phages can be better indicators of enteric viruses than fecal indicator bacteria. •Multiple phages should be added to the microbial source tracking toolbox. •Engineered phage or phage cocktail can effectively target resistant bacteria. •In phage use, phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer cannot be ignored. •More schemes are needed to prevent phage concentration from decreasing. Wastewater is a breeding ground for many pathogens, which may pose a threat to human health through various water transmission pathways. Therefore, a simple and effective method is urgently required to monitor and treat wastewater. As bacterial viruses, bacteriophages (phages) are the most widely distributed and abundant organisms in the biosphere. Owing to their capacity to specifically infect bacterial hosts, they have recently been used as novel tools in water pollution control. The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the roles of phages in monitoring pathogens, tracking pollution sources, treating pathogenic bacteria, infecting bloom-forming cyanobacteria, and controlling bulking sludge and biofilm pollution in wastewater treatment systems. We also discuss the limitations of phage usage in water pollution control, including phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer, the evolution of bacterial resistance, and phage concentration decrease. This review provides an integrated outlook on the use of phages in water pollution control.     

陇海铁路宝鸡—天水段路基的气象灾害及路基气象综合效应研究

本文对陇海铁路宝天段路基的地质地理及气象因素进行了综合分析。认为气象因素是路基灾害的主要原因，是触发机制，尤其是路基选址不当所产生的路基气象综合效应更加重了灾害程度．文章认为，设计铁路时，不但要注意气象条件的研究，同时要模拟研究路基与气象条件相互作用所产生的气象效应．     

Effect of sodium alginate on phosphorus recovery by vivianite precipitation

There are good prospects for phosphorus recovery from excess sludge by vivianite crystallization while a large number of extracellular polymeric substances in sludge will have impact on vivianite precipitation. In this study, as a representative of extracellular polymeric substance, the effect of sodium alginate (SA) on phosphorus recovery by vivianite precipitation under different initial SA concentrations (0–800 mg/L), pH values (6.5–9.0) and Fe/P molar ratios (1:1–2.4:1) was investigated using synthetic wastewater. The results showed that SA in low concentrations (≤400 mg/L) had little inhibitory effect on the phosphorus recovery rate. However, when the concentration of SA was larger than 400 mg/L, the phosphorus recovery rate decreased significantly with increasing SA concentrations. The inhibition rate of 800 mg/L SA was about 3 times as large as that of 400 mg/L SA. It was worth noting that the inhibitory effect of SA on vivianite precipitation decreased with increasing initial pH and Fe/P molar ratios. Additionally, SA has no obvious influence on the composition of products, but the morphology of harvested crystals was transformed from branches to plates or rods in uneven sizes.     

Hydrophobic calcium carbonate: an option for the value-added conversion of wastes resulting from biodiesel production

High production cost is the key issue of biodiesel industry nowadays. To low down the cost, using low-quality lipids feedstock is the most effective way. Two-step process is vastly applied to deal with those low-quality lipids to produce biodiesel. However, environmentally unfriendly wastes are formed during the process. Here we use calcium oxide residue and wastewater from biodiesel production to produce nanostructured calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) by carbonation at ambient temperature. The results show that CaCO₃ is hydrophobic and has broccoli-like morphology. It is made up of many uniform nano-rods, and each rod is composed of smaller particles with diameters about 50 nm. The idea of wastes utilization could make the biodiesel production process environmentally friendly, and the income of the produced CaCO₃ could further low down the cost of biodiesel production.     

LDPE装置乙烯等熵增压过程关键安全问题研究

为评估超高压聚乙烯(LDPE)装置乙烯压缩过程的失控风险,采用ASPEN等对乙烯等熵增压过程热效应进行了系统性研究。研究表明,乙烯分解速率随温度升高呈指数型增长,分解爆炸的最大压力为初始压力的3.5倍。工况条件下乙烯一级等熵压缩至250 MPa时的绝热温升为724℃,50 MPa为增压梯度的关键变化点。采用两次六级的形式进行增压,2个压缩机的绝热温升降分别为390,101℃。乙烯泄放过程的冲击波会使界面侧空气压缩升温,空气等熵压缩至1 MPa时温度可达到400℃。在乙烯增压过程中应综合考虑压缩级数与热效应,并严格控制绝热温升。     

耕作方式对太湖地区冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年11月至2010年6月冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生长季N2O排放通量进行田间原位观测,研究不同耕作方式(免耕、少耕、传统耕作)对太湖地区稻麦轮作系统麦季土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:有植株参与下免耕、少耕和传统耕作的冬小麦生长季N2O平均排放通量分别为63.75μg·m-2·h-1、39.94μg·m-2.h-1和48.83μg·m-2·h-1,无植株参与下分别为73.48μg·m-2·h-1、52.97μg·m-2·h-1和63.60μg·m-2·h-1,麦季N2O排放通量的季节变化与5 cm、10 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著线性正相关(r=0.400*～0.654**,n=28)。小麦种植对N2O的排放影响较大,无植株参与的N2O季节总排放量显著高于有植株参与的处理(P<0.05);耕作方式显著影响冬小麦农田N2O季节总排放量(P<0.05),有植株参与下麦季N2O总排放量少耕较免耕和传统耕作分别减少37.3%和17.9%,无植株参与下分别减少28.0%和16.7%。研究表明太湖地区冬小麦采用少耕措施可减少麦季N2O的排放。