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排序方式: 共有75条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Lee Benda Marwan A. Hassan Michael Church Christine L. May 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(4):835-851
Headwater streams comprise 60 to 80 percent of the cumulative length of river networks. In hilly to mountainous terrain, they reflect a mix of hillslope and channel processes because of their close proximity to sediment source areas. Their morphology is an assemblage of residual soils, landslide deposits, wood, boulders, thin patches of poorly sorted alluvium, and stretches of bedrock. Longitudinal profiles of these channels are strongly influenced by steps created by sediment deposits, large wood, and boulders. Due to the combination of small drainage area, stepped shallow gradient, large roughness elements, and cohesive sediments, headwater streams typically transport little sediment or coarse wood debris by fluvial processes. Consequently, headwaters act as sediment reservoirs for periods spanning decades to centuries. The accumulated sediment and wood may be episodically evacuated by debris flows, debris floods, or gully erosion and transported to larger channels. In mountain environments, these processes deliver significant amounts of materials that form riverine habitats in larger channels. In managed steepland forests, accelerated rates of landslides and debris flows resulting from the harvest of headwater forests have the potential to seriously impact the morphology of headwater streams and downstream resources. 相似文献
2.
Sergio Santiago Deborah M. Roll Chittaranjan Ray Clinton Williams Philip Moravcik Allan Knopf 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(20):20257-20268
Agricultural crops have a long history of being irrigated with recycled wastewater (RW). However, its use on vegetable crops has been of concern due to the potential prevalence of microcontaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the latter, which represents a possible health hazard to consumers. We investigated the uptake of three PPCPs (atenolol, diclofenac, and ofloxacin), at three different concentrations in irrigation water (0.5, 5, and 25 μg L?1) in relation to three varying volumetric soil moisture depletion levels of 14 % (?4.26 kPa), 10 % (?8.66 kPa), and 7 % (?18.37 kPa) by various vegetable crop species. Experiments were conducted in a split-split block completely randomized design. PPCPs were extracted using a developed method of accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase extraction and analyzed via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). Results indicate that all treated crops were capable of PPCP uptake at nanogram per gram concentrations independent of the applied soil moisture depletion levels and PPCP concentrations. Ofloxacin was the chemical with the highest uptake amounts, followed by atenolol and then diclofenac. Although the results were not statistically significant, higher concentrations of PPCPs were detected in plants maintained under higher soil moisture levels of 14 % (?4.26 kPa). 相似文献
3.
Bryant RB Buda AR Kleinman PJ Church CD Saporito LS Folmar GJ Bose S Allen AL 《Journal of environmental quality》2012,41(3):664-671
High levels of accumulated phosphorus (P) in soils of the Delmarva Peninsula are a major source of dissolved P entering drainage ditches that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. The objective of this study was to design, construct, and monitor a within-ditch filter to remove dissolved P, thereby protecting receiving waters against P losses from upstream areas. In April 2007, 110 Mg of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, a low-cost coal combustion product, was used as the reactive ingredient in a ditch filter. The ditch filter was monitored from 2007 to 2010, during which time 29 storm-induced flow events were characterized. For storm-induced flow, the event mean concentration efficiency for total dissolved P (TDP) removal for water passing through the gypsum bed was 73 ± 27% confidence interval (α = 0.05). The removal efficiency for storm-induced flow by the summation of load method was 65 ± 27% confidence interval (α = 0.05). Although chemically effective, the maximum observed hydraulic conductivity of FGD gypsum was 4 L s(-1), but it decreased over time to <1 L s(-1). When bypass flow and base flow were taken into consideration, the ditch filter removed approximately 22% of the TDP load over the 3.6-yr monitoring period. Due to maintenance and clean-out requirements, we conclude that ditch filtration using FGD gypsum is not practical at a farm scale. However, we propose an alternate design consisting of FGD gypsum-filled trenches parallel to the ditch to intercept and treat groundwater before it enters the ditch. 相似文献
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Barry P. Rochelle M. Robbins Church Warren A. Gebert David J. Graczyk William R. Krug 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(1):35-41
ABSTRACT: As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's effort to determine the long-term effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry, annual runoff was estimated for about 1000 ungaged sites in the eastern U.S. using runoff contour maps. One concern in using contour maps was that a bias may be introduced in the runoff estimates due to the size of the 1000 ungaged sites relative to the size of the watersheds used in developing the maps. To determine if a bias was present the relationship between the annual runoff (expressed as depth) and the watershed area for the Northeast (NE) and Southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP) was tested using five regional data bases. One short-term data base (1984 Water Year, n = 531) and two long-term data bases (1940–57, n = 134 and 1951–80, n = 342) were used in the NE. In the SBRP one short-term database (1984 Water Year, n = 531) and one long-term data base (1951–80, n = 60) were used. For the NE and the SBRP, runoff was not directly correlated with watershed area using the five regional databases. Also, runoff normalized by precipitation was not related to watershed area. 相似文献
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We investigated the benefits of larval cannibalism in the Neotropical mosquito Trichoprosopon digitatum. The clutch size of the mosquito in the field was strongly correlated with adult female size, indicating a fitness advantage
to being large. In controlled laboratory experiments, we compared the survivorship and eventual adult sizes of larvae that
were given the opportunity to cannibalise conspecifics throughout their lifetimes with the survivorship and adult sizes of
larvae that were prevented from cannibalising. Since the benefits of cannibalism are likely to depend on the context in which
it occurs, the experiment was conducted at two levels of alternative food availability. When food availability was high most
larvae survived to adulthood, females cannibalised more than males and there was no measurable advantage to cannibalism in
terms of survival rate, emergence time or adult size. Larvae were significantly more cannibalistic when food availability
was lower, although under these conditions no larvae survived to adulthood. Nevertheless, under low food an important fitness
benefit to cannibalism was revealed: individuals which had the opportunity to cannibalise survived significantly longer as
larvae than those which did not. This increased longevity is likely to provide an important advantage to mosquito larvae when
they wait for the input of unpredictable food sources.
Received: 7 October 1995/Accepted after revision: 13 April 1996 相似文献
9.
Michael C. Eagle William S. Richardson Scott S. Hay Clinton Cox 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1993,3(3):327-344
The Office of Radiation and Indoor Air of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has demonstrated a soil washing plant for the treatment of radioactively contaminated soils from two Superfund sites in New Jersey. The plant employs unit operations that are widely used in the processing of minerals and coal. These operations were examined and tested to determine how they would apply to volume reduction of these contaminated soils. In this context, they are considered to be innovative candidates for remediation of other sites with large volumes of soil contaminated with low-level radioactivity. Laboratory testing of soil characteristics and behavior in unit processes is used to assess the applicability of volume reduction/chemical extraction (VORCE) technology to specific sites. 相似文献
10.
Summary The Dominican Republic and other Caribbean countries face serious challenges to their natural resource base. In recent years
the government of the Dominican Republic has taken major steps toward the development and implementation of a comprehensive
plan for national natural resources management. This plan is called Plan Sierra. An important component of this plan is the
outline of actions for carrying out an environmental education programme within the country. This demonstrates a commitment
to fulfill Recommendation No. 96 of the Stockholm Conference in a way that could become a model for other Latin American nations.
Clinton L. Shepard is Assistant Professor in the Division of Environmental Education, School of Natural Resources, The Ohio
State University. Dr Shepard holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology from the University of Kentucky and graduate degrees
from The Ohio State University in Natural Resources/Environmental Education and Education-Foundations and Research. He has
worked as an interpreter and Environmental Education Coordinator for the State of Ohio Department of Natural Resources, a
research associate for ERIC—Science, Math, and Environmental Education Clearinghouse, and College instructor in interpretive
methods, environmental education methodology, resident outdoor programming, and natural resources development. He is also
involved in international research and development, especially in the Caribbean Basin.
Robert E. Roth is Chairman/Professor in the Division of Environmental Education, School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State
University. Dr Roth received a Bachelor's degree in Wildlife Management, a Bachelor's degree in Secondary Science Education,
a Master's degree in Conservation Education from The Ohio State University, and his Ph.D. in Environmental Education from
The University of Wisconsin. he came to OSU in 1969 and since that time has designed and institutionalized the only academic
unit in the US that offers both well developed undergraduate and graduate programmes in Environmental Communications, Education
and Interpretation and has published over 40 works in the field. He has been instrumental in implementing a growing international
environmental education research and development emphasis in the wider Caribbean, he continues as an Executive Editor of theJournal of Environmental Education. 相似文献