CATCH:一种结构讨论方法,一件决策支持工具

引言 人类活动导致了水资源的过度开发和污染.<水框架指令>(WFD,2000/60/EG)就是为确保水资源的可持续利用、确保水资源的效果而拟定的.为达到WFD所概括的目标,一项明显的内容是:水资源的管理中要有各利益方的参与.把各利益方吸纳进来是一个重要步骤,可确保流域管理计划的发展考虑当地的经验,并且考虑这些计划对当地利益的影响.     

Phase-in of nonpoint sources in a transferable discharge permit system for water quality management: setting permit prices

The composite market design is a proposal for a transferable discharge permit system that specifically includes agricultural non-point-source dischargers and addresses both property rights and transaction cost problems. The first step to implementation of a composite market scheme is the estimation of a supply curve for abatement measures in the catchment area. Estimation is performed by combining costs with modeled loss reductions from selected best management practices and then using this information to estimate the supply curve for abatement, which in turn can then be used to set permit prices. The R?nne? catchment in southern Sweden is used as a pilot study area for making this type of estimate. Costs for existing measures that reduce nutrient losses from farmland (catch crops and spring planting) are based on existing programs financed by the Swedish Agricultural Board. A set of supply curves is calculated for these measures using retention estimates for seven subcatchments and three soil types in the area. Although existing information is sufficient to calculate partial supply curves and may be used to set permit prices, additional measures should be included as well as an increased number of variables for differentiating site specific reduction costs.     

Designing cost efficient buffer zone programs: An application of the FyrisSKZ tool in a Swedish catchment

Riparian buffer zones are the only measure which has been used extensively in Sweden to reduce phosphorus losses from agricultural land. This paper describes how the FyrisSKZ web tool can be used to evaluate allocation scenarios using data from the Svärta River, an agricultural catchment located in central Sweden. Three scenarios are evaluated: a baseline, a uniform 6-m-wide buffer zone in each sub-catchment, and an allocation of areas of buffer zones to sub-catchments based on the average cost of reduction. The total P reduction increases by 30 % in the second scenario compared to the baseline scenario, and the average reduction per hectare increases by 90 % while total costs of the program fall by 32 %. In the third scenario, the average cost per unit of reduction (€163 kg P^?1) is the lowest of the three scenarios (58 % lower than the baseline) and has the lowest total program costs.     

水质管理可转让排放许可证系统中非点源的逐步采用:设定许可证价格

综合市场设计是针对可转让排放许可证系统的一项建议,该系统特别包括了农业非点源排放,并且强调财产权和交易成本问题.实施综合市场计划的第一步是要对流域地区的缓解措施供应曲线进行估计.这种估计是通过将成本和所选择的最好管理办法的损失模拟减少值相结合进行的,之后利用该信息估计缓解供应曲线,这反过来又可用于设定许可证价格.选择瑞典南部伦讷河流域作为该项工作的试验研究区.用于减少农田营养损失的现有措施的费用(间种和春种)来自由瑞典农业委员会资助的现有项目.对该地区的7个子流域和3种土壤类型,利用持留估计方法计算了这些措施的一组供应曲线.虽然现有信息足以计算部分供应曲线并且可以用于设定许可证价格,但为了区分各站点具体的减少费用,应包括其它的措施并增加变量数.     

Composite market design for a Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP) system

There has been a great deal of interest in addressing water quality issues through the use of Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP) systems. Unfortunately, the attempts to start up permit markets that are able to exploit abatement cost differences between sources have not met with the success expected. Two of the reasons for the lack of success have been the problem of transaction costs and in the case of non-point sources (NPS), undefined property rights. The composite market design is a proposal for a TDP system that specifically includes agricultural non-point source (NPS) discharges and addresses both property rights and transaction cost problems. The composite market consists of three interrelated markets each serving a particular function. The two primary markets are coordinated through price information that makes it possible for a catchment-based authority to issue (sell) permits based on the marginal cost of abatement. When the composite market is mature, the total number of permits issued corresponds to a cap on discharges allowed in the catchment. The structure of the composite market allows this system to be phased in over time with existing institutions and limited demands on financing.     

Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea1

Collentine, Dennis and Holger Johnsson, 2011. Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 24‐31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00596.x Abstract: Current international agreements call for a significant reduction of nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea. In one of the signatory countries, Sweden, regulatory authorities have concluded that new measures will be needed to meet national reduction targets. This article evaluates the effect of one possible new measure for reducing nitrogen loads, introducing mandatory discharge permits for crop cultivation as one component of a proposed discharge permit system. Using the framework of the proposed system, expected net load reductions and permit prices are calculated for three crop permit scenarios in a catchment in Southern Sweden. In addition, gross leaching is calculated for a larger region to study the potential for reducing net loads. The article concludes that while permitting reduces loading, achieving reduction targets will require additional measures beyond the scenarios studied.