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1.
V. M. Artyomov E. M. Artyomov Sh. D. Fridman 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1994,29(3):221-228
The paper considers the methodology and results of experimental determination of dry deposition and ammonia uptake by isolated plant leaves. Analytical expressions are proposed which allow a transition from rates obtained in an isolated chamber to dry ammonia deposition by standing crops leaves. 相似文献
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3.
Staffan Wiktelius Jonas Ard Thord Fransson 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2003,32(7):463-468
进行大面积荒漠蝗虫的化学防治涉及各种景观区和生态系统,在环境敏感地区或其周边地区,农药喷撒没有严格的限制,作业者往往忽视这些地区的敏感性.人们对荒漠蝗虫控制所带来的环境问题的关注程度与日俱增,因而有必要制定明确的指导性防治原则.本文旨在确定和描绘非洲东北部对杀虫剂污染特别敏感的区域,如保护区、湿地、人口居住区、绿洲,以及候鸟集中分布的地区,这些区域与1986~1998年间实际进行的荒漠蝗虫防治区域相对比.结果表明,环境脆弱地区,特别是湿地,如临时性水域和红树林,以及人类居住区附近都进行过化学防治,而且一定程度上还涉及到保护区和候鸟大量聚集区. 相似文献
4.
退化的半干旱农业生态系统土壤碳的积累--危险和潜力 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lennart Olsson Jonas Ardo 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(6):471-477
<京都议定书>意味着新的可能性:人类将把生物圈作为碳库进行管理.无论从环境还是社会经济的观点来看,把农业生态系统作为碳库是最合适可行的.非洲地区退化的生态系统显著受益于土地管理的改善(碳积累计划的一部分).在非洲有大面积的这样的农业生态系统,对它们的恢复是一个亟待解决的问题.我们同意UNEP的观点:<气候变化公约>、<联合国防治沙漠化公约>以及<联合国生物多样性公约>相互之间将会产生潜在而重要的促进作用.我们调查了苏丹半干旱农业生态系统土壤碳含量增加的潜力,发现延长休耕期将使土壤碳增加,而农业边缘区转变成牧场后碳储量将在100年内恢复到天然萨王纳的80%.碳增汇带来的经济收益将会对这些农业生态系统的家庭经济产生显著的贡献. 相似文献
5.
Thomas Abeli Sarah Dalrymple Sandrine Godefroid Andrea Mondoni Jonas V. Müller Graziano Rossi Simone Orsenigo 《Conservation biology》2020,34(2):303-313
The alarming current and predicted species extinction rates have galvanized conservationists in their efforts to avoid future biodiversity losses, but for species extinct in the wild, few options exist. We posed the questions, can these species be restored, and, if so, what role can ex situ plant collections (i.e., botanic gardens, germplasm banks, herbaria) play in the recovery of plant genetic diversity? We reviewed the relevant literature to assess the feasibility of recovering lost plant genetic diversity with using ex situ material and the probability of survival of subsequent translocations. Thirteen attempts to recover species extinct in the wild were found, most of which used material preserved in botanic gardens (12) and seed banks (2). One case of a locally extirpated population was recovered from herbarium material. Eight (60%) of these cases were successful or partially successful translocations of the focal species or population; the other 5 failed or it was too early to determine the outcome. Limiting factors of the use of ex situ source material for the restoration of plant genetic diversity in the wild include the scarcity of source material, low viability and reduced longevity of the material, low genetic variation, lack of evolution (especially for material stored in germplasm banks and herbaria), and socioeconomic factors. However, modern collecting practices present opportunities for plant conservation, such as improved collecting protocols and improved cultivation and storage conditions. Our findings suggest that all types of ex situ collections may contribute effectively to plant species conservation if their use is informed by a thorough understanding of the aforementioned problems. We conclude that the recovery of plant species currently classified as extinct in the wild is not 100% successful, and the possibility of successful reintroduction should not be used to justify insufficient in situ conservation. 相似文献
6.
Cecilia Bratt Sophie HallstedtK.-H. Robèrt Göran Broman Jonas Oldmark 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(14):1631-1638
To turn current patterns of consumption and production in a sustainable direction, solid and understandable market information on the socio-ecological performance of products is needed. Eco-labelling programmes have an important role in this communication. The aim of this study is to investigate what gaps there may be in the current criteria development processes in relation to a strategic sustainability perspective and develop recommendations on how such presumptive gaps could be bridged. First a previously published generic framework for strategic sustainable development is described and applied for the assessment of two eco-labelling programmes. Data for the assessment is collected from literature and in semi-structured interviews and discussions with eco-labelling experts.The assessment revealed that the programmes lack both an operational definition of sustainability, and a statement of objectives to direct and drive the criteria development processes. Consequently they also lack guidelines for how product category criteria might gradually develop in any direction. The selected criteria mainly reflect the current reality based on a selection of negative impacts in ecosystems, but how this selection, or prioritization, is made is not clearly presented. Finally, there are no guidelines to ensure that the criteria developers represent a broad enough competence to embrace all essential sustainability aspects.In conclusion the results point at deficiencies in theory, process and practice of eco-labelling, which hampers cohesiveness, transparency and comprehension. And it hampers predictability, as producers get no support in foreseeing how coming revisions of criteria will develop. This represents a lost opportunity for strategic sustainable development. It is suggested that these problems could be avoided by informing the criteria development process by a framework for strategic sustainable development, based on backcasting from basic sustainability principles. 相似文献
7.
Maartje J. Klapwijk Anna J. M. Hopkins Louise Eriksson Maria Pettersson Martin Schroeder Åke Lindelöw Jonas Rönnberg E. Carina H. Keskitalo Marc Kenis 《Ambio》2016,45(2):223-234
Intensifying global trade will result in increased numbers of plant pest and pathogen species inadvertently being transported along with cargo. This paper examines current mechanisms for prevention and management of potential introductions of forest insect pests and pathogens in the European Union (EU). Current European legislation has not been found sufficient in preventing invasion, establishment and spread of pest and pathogen species within the EU. Costs associated with future invasions are difficult to estimate but past invasions have led to negative economic impacts in the invaded country. The challenge is combining free trade and free movement of products (within the EU) with protection against invasive pests and pathogens. Public awareness may mobilise the public for prevention and detection of potential invasions and, simultaneously, increase support for eradication and control measures. We recommend focus on commodities in addition to pathways, an approach within the EU using a centralised response unit and, critically, to engage the general public in the battle against establishment and spread of these harmful pests and pathogens. 相似文献
8.
It has been hypothesized that climate warming will allow southern species to advance north and invade northern ecosystems. We review the changes in the Swedish mammal and bird community in boreal forest and alpine tundra since the nineteenth century, as well as suggested drivers of change. Observed changes include (1) range expansion and increased abundance in southern birds, ungulates, and carnivores; (2) range contraction and decline in northern birds and carnivores; and (3) abundance decline or periodically disrupted dynamics in cyclic populations of small and medium-sized mammals and birds. The first warm spell, 1930–1960, stands out as a period of substantial faunal change. However, in addition to climate warming, suggested drivers of change include land use and other anthropogenic factors. We hypothesize all these drivers interacted, primarily favoring southern generalists. Future research should aim to distinguish between effects of climate and land-use change in boreal and tundra ecosystems. 相似文献
9.
Viktor Baranov Jonas Jourdan Francesca Pilotto Rüdiger Wagner Peter Haase 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1241-1251
The ongoing biodiversity crisis becomes evident in the widely observed decline in abundance and diversity of species, profound changes in community structure, and shifts in species’ phenology. Insects are among the most affected groups, with documented decreases in abundance up to 76% in the last 25–30 years in some terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying the underlying drivers is a major obstacle as most ecosystems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously and in situ measurements of environmental variables are often missing. In our study, we investigated a headwater stream belonging to the most common stream type in Germany located in a nature reserve with no major anthropogenic impacts except climate change. We used the most comprehensive quantitative long-term data set on aquatic insects available, which includes weekly measurements of species-level insect abundance, daily water temperature and stream discharge as well as measurements of additional physicochemical variables for a 42-year period (1969–2010). Overall, water temperature increased by 1.88 °C and discharge patterns changed significantly. These changes were accompanied by an 81.6% decline in insect abundance, but an increase in richness (+8.5%), Shannon diversity (+22.7%), evenness (+22.4%), and interannual turnover (+34%). Moreover, the community's trophic structure and phenology changed: the duration of emergence increased by 15.2 days, whereas the peak of emergence moved 13.4 days earlier. Additionally, we observed short-term fluctuations (<5 years) in almost all metrics as well as complex and nonlinear responses of the community toward climate change that would have been missed by simply using snapshot data or shorter time series. Our results indicate that climate change has already altered biotic communities severely even in protected areas, where no other interacting stressors (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.) are present. This is a striking example of the scientific value of comprehensive long-term data in capturing the complex responses of communities toward climate change. 相似文献
10.
Felton Adam Petersson Lisa Nilsson Oscar Witzell Johanna Cleary Michelle Felton Annika M. Björkman Christer Sang Åsa Ode Jonsell Mats Holmström Emma Nilsson Urban Rönnberg Jonas Kalén Christer Lindbladh Matts 《Ambio》2020,49(5):1035-1049
Ambio - The choice of tree species used in production forests matters for biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Sweden, damage to young production forests by large browsing herbivores is helping... 相似文献