克拉玛依炼油厂新污水处理场技术总结

介绍了污水处理工艺及流程，对装置运行情况进行了总结，分析存在的问题，并提出改进建议。     

Long-Term Monitoring and Prediction for Settlement and Composition of Refuse in Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill

Parameters about composition of refuse such as mass percentage of biodegradable matter, volatile solid, organic carbon, cellulose, total sugar, and settlement were monitored and analyzed in a large-scale experimental unit. The empirical formulas between composition and refuse age were established in terms of the data obtained from the experimental unit and verified by comparing with the corresponding parameters of refuse in the closed landfill units from 1991 until 1994 in the Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill. Furthermore, the long-term prediction for the composition of refuse was made, and it was predicted that the half-life is 7 to 11 years for biodegradable matter, 9 to 12 years for organic carbon or volatile solid, 7 to 16 years for cellulose, and 4 to 6 years for total sugar. In addition, a mathematical model, based on the mechanism of refuse biodegradation in the landfill, was developed to simulate the relationship between the settlement and the refuse age and manifests the secondary settlement potential. The mathematical model was proved not only to be reliable but also should be accurate for predicting the settlement of the landfill. The secondary settlement, which mainly results from the slow and gradual biodegradation of refuse, is linear with respect to the exponent of refuse age. Finally, according to the settlement model and empirical biodegradation formulas, it may be predicted that, 79.4% of biodegradable matter, 92.9% of total sugar, 72.7% of volatile solid and organic carbon, and 73.1% of cellulose will be biodegraded and that 79% of the maximum secondary settlement potential will occur before the Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill is in a high stabilization situation, i.e., approximately 21 years after final closure.     

植被混凝土抗侵蚀性能研究

基材的抗侵蚀性能是生态护坡成功的关键因素之一。通过设计的实验装置对3组不同边坡进行了侵蚀实验,探讨了植被混凝土的抗侵蚀机理,比较了3种边坡的抗侵蚀性能。实验表明:植被混凝土生态防护边坡具有良好的抗侵蚀性能,在同等条件下无植被防护土质边坡的坡面侵蚀速率比有植被防护土质边坡的坡面侵蚀速率高出两个数量级。     

施肥对干旱半干旱草原区金属矿山尾矿库土壤质量的影响及其评价

地处草原生态脆弱区的金属矿山尾矿库土壤中营养物质匮乏,重金属等有害物质含量高,且由于降水量偏低、无霜期较短等气候条件使该地区生态环境恢复极为困难。通过微生物菌肥、有机肥野外施用试验,分析不同施肥方式对干旱半干旱草原区金属矿山尾矿库土壤酶活性和主要养分的影响,并采用灰色关联度法对不同施肥方式下土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明,单独施肥或配合施肥对土壤中脲酶活性都有积极的作用,配合施肥更有利于增加土壤中蔗糖酶活性,与土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶活性变化相比,施肥对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性的影响相对不明显;施用有机肥可使土壤中有机质含量比施用微生物菌肥高35.1%,配合施肥对土壤中氮元素的影响要显著高于单独施肥,施肥能明显提高土壤中速效磷和速效钾含量;土壤中脲酶活性和氮、磷元素含量是影响尾矿库土壤质量的主要因素,施用微生物菌肥的土壤质量要优于施用有机肥的土壤,配合施肥的土壤养分状况要优于单独施肥的土壤,且适量的配合施肥能有效改善土壤的养分状况。该研究结果可为干旱半干旱草原区金属矿废弃地土壤恢复与完善生态建设方案提供依据。     

大型垃圾填埋场渗滤水氨氮衰减规律

大型试验场 ((30 0 0× 4)m3 )中填入 10 80 0t垃圾 ,对试验场渗滤液氨氮质量浓度进行长达 3 5年的测定 (1— 2周测定一次 ) ,建立了填埋场渗滤液NH3 N质量浓度随时间变化的数学模型 ,并利用模型预测了上海老港填埋场渗滤液NH3 N质量浓度通过自然衰减达到排放标准所需时间 ,同时提出填埋场的规划和设计可以由传统的渗滤液及时外排处理式转变为不及时外排 ,使其在填埋场内NH3 N质量浓度大幅度自然衰减后抽出处理 ,这样可以大量节省费用 ,简化操作工艺 .     

Comparison of properties of traditional and accelerated carbonated solidified/stabilized contaminated soils

The investigation of the long-term performance of solidified/stabilized (S/S) contaminated soils was carried out in a trial site in southeast UK. The soils were exposed to the maximum natural weathering for four years and sampled at various depths in a controlled manner. The chemical properties (e. g. , degree of carbonation (DOC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC)) and physical properties (e. g. , moisture content (MC), liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), plasticity index (PI)) of the samples untreated and treated with the traditional and accelerated carbonated S/S processes were analyzed. Their variations on the depths of the soils were also studied. The result showed that the broad geotechnical properties of the soils, manifested in their PIs, were related to the concentration of the water soluble ions and in particular the free calcium ions. The samples treated with the accelerated carbonation technology (ACT), and the untreated samples contained limited number of free calcium ions in solutions and consequently interacted with waters in a similar way. Compared with the traditional cement-based S/S technology, e. g. , treatment with ordinary portland cement (OPC) or EnvirOceM, ACT caused the increase of the PI of the treated soil and made it more stable during long-term weathering. The PI values for the four soils ascended according to the order: the EnvirOceM soil, the OPC soil, the ACT soil, and the untreated soil while their pH and EC values descended according to the same order.     

大型填埋场垃圾降解规律研究

在上海市老港垃圾填埋场建造了一座面积为3000m^2，高度为4m，内填生活垃圾10800t的小型卫生填埋场。对该卫生填埋场进行了40个月的监测，分析了垃圾中的总糖、总炭、挥发性物质和有机碳、生物可降解物含量（BDM）、粗纤维含量与填埋时间的关系。同时，也对1991年至1994每年4月份的填埋单元垃圾组成了分析。通过数学聚合，预测了填埋单元封场后的若干年内垃圾组成，对填埋场稳定化程度和垃圾矿化程度进行了判断。结果表明，该场的稳定化时间大约为22－23年，届时，该场的垃圾基本上达到无害化和稳定化，绝大部分可降解的有机物得到充分降解。     

天津市高校夏季道路扬尘PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源

为研究天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征、来源及校内外差异,于2018年7—8月采集天津市9所高校道路扬尘样品,用离子色谱法对其中8种水溶性离子(Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、NH⁺₄、NO^-₃、SO₄^2-)进行分析.结果显示:①水溶性离子占PM_2.5的11.65%,PM_2.5中占比大于1%的离子有Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-,其中Ca²⁺最多,占到总水溶性无机离子的65.75%;②入校道路离子含量(12.76%)稍高于校内道路(11.11%),其中8种离子含量的差异均无统计学意义;CE/AE(阴阳离子当量浓度比)值为9.59(远大于1),PM_2.5呈较强...     

具有K2NiF4型结构的稀土复合氧化物对有机胺的催化降解作用研究

采用柠檬酸络合分解法合成了四方晶点、Ｋ２ＮｉＦ４型结构的稀土复合氧人ＬａＳｒＭＯ４（Ｍ＝Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ）。实验结果，该类氧化物催化剂对恶臭和有毒的有机胺类化合物具有较好的催化降解作用，有机胺的氧降解可达１００％，而氮氧化物的产生率低于１０％，其含量可大大低于排放标准。     

多孔方沸石球的除氟及再生机理

利用鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系的方沸石岩样,通过提纯和改性等处理制成多孔方沸石球,用于处理含氟水。用过的方沸石球经再生处理也用于处理含氟水。实验结果表明,多孔方沸石球和再生方沸石球都有明显的除氟效果。对于100mL浓度5.00 mg/L的含氟水,多孔方沸石球较佳的水处理工艺条件为:用量3.0 g,搅拌后静置48 h。对于浓度3.00 mg/L的含氟水,一次水处理就能将F-浓度降到国家标准以内,除氟效率达60%。对于浓度5.00 mg/L的含氟水,2次水处理可以将F-浓度降到国家标准以内,除氟效率达80%。多孔方沸石球对氟离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温式,吸附速度符合斑厄姆公式。再生方沸石球对氟离子的吸附也符合Langmuir等温式,吸附速度也符合斑厄姆公式。多孔方沸石球和再生方沸石球的饱和吸附量相当,这说明用过的方沸石球经再生处理后活性基本恢复,可循环用于含氟水的处理。