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排序方式: 共有239条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid: assessment of models for tracking residual measurements and inactivation. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Domenico Santoro Ronald Gehr Timothy A Bartrand Lorenzo Liberti Michele Notarnicola Adele Dell'Erba Dario Falsanisi Charles N Haas 《Water environment research》2007,79(7):775-787
With its potential for low (if any) disinfection byproduct formation and easy retrofit for chlorine contactors, peracetic acid (PAA) or use of PAA in combination with other disinfectant technologies may be an attractive alternative to chlorine-based disinfection. Examples of systems that might benefit from use of PAA are water reuse schemes or plants discharging to sensitive receiving water bodies. Though PAA is in use in numerous wastewater treatment plants in Europe, its chemical kinetics, microbial inactivation rates, and mode of action against microorganisms are not thoroughly understood. This paper presents results from experimental studies of PAA demand, PAA decay, and microbial inactivation, with a complementary modeling analysis. Model results are used to evaluate techniques for measurement of PAA concentration and to develop hypotheses regarding the mode of action of PAA in bacterial inactivation. Kinetic and microbial inactivation rate data were collected for typical wastewaters and may be useful for engineers in evaluating whether to convert from chlorine to PAA disinfection. 相似文献
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Gennari M Abbate C Baglieri A Negre M 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(6):498-505
The behavior and fate of triasulfuron (TRS) in water and soil systems were examined in laboratory studies. The degradation of TRS in both buffer solution and soil was highly pH-sensitive. The rate of degradation could be described with a pseudo first-order kinetic and was much faster at pH 4 than at pH 7 and 9. Aqueous hydrolysis occurred by cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge to form 2-(2-chloroethoxy) benzenesulfonamide (CBSA) and [(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] (AMMT). AMMT was unstable in aqueous solutions in any pH condition but it degraded more quickly at pH 4 and 9. CBSA did not degrade in aqueous solutions or in enriched cultures but it underwent a quick degradation in the soil. The rates of TRS degradation in sterile and non-sterile soils were similar, suggesting that microorganisms played a minimal role in the breakdown process. This hypothesis is supported by the results of studies on the degradation of TRS by enriched cultures during which the molecule underwent a prevalently chemical degradation. 相似文献
5.
Urbatzka R van Cauwenberge A Maggioni S Viganò L Mandich A Benfenati E Lutz I Kloas W 《Chemosphere》2007,67(6):1080-1087
The river Lambro is the most polluted tributary of the river Po in North Italy and was chosen as a representative water course discharging industrialized areas. Water and sediment samples of the river Lambro were investigated regarding the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds. A combined procedure was used consisting of solid-phase extraction and HPLC based fractionation of samples, of screening for (anti)androgenic activity using the yeast androgen screen (YAS) and of chemical analysis using HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Androgenic and antiandrogenic activities were found in specific fractions of the water and sediment while the total extracts showed antiandrogenic activity only. The chemical analysis of the fractions and total extracts with antiandrogenic activities revealed the presence of compounds with suspected antiandrogenic potency such as bisphenol A, iprodione, nonylphenol, p,p'-DDE and tert-octylphenol but other unknown compounds contributed mainly to the observed antiandrogenic activities. The antiandrogenic load of the river Lambro ranged between 1.34 and 17.1 microM flutamide-equivalents and may pose a risk to aquatic environments. Future screenings for EDC in the environment that have the potential to interfere with reproduction of aquatic organisms should be extended to different modes of actions including (anti)androgenic ones. 相似文献
6.
After introducing soft defence techniques as an alternative to hard defence techniques, the need is emphasized to consider
the coastal area as an integral system. By recalling the main driving factors for coastal management: conflict resolution,
resilience and sustainability, we logically arrive at the concepts of ecological engineering and ecotechnology, which are
increasingly acknowledged as possible solutions to achieve sustainable use of coastal space as a resource. In this context,
we refer to the principles of self design and of ecosystem conservation.
In order to deal with real situations we are in need of fundamental ‘tools’ for the application of the soft intervention technology
approach. We therefore introduce the concept of physiographic units and develop an initial elaboration for a coastal stretch
and for coastal wetlands. The latter deserve more attention because of the already established practices of ecotechnology,
at least as far as water and soil quality are concerned, but certainly also concerning morphology, especially in the future.
We conclude by briefly discussing how activities undertaken in two research projects currently being conducted under the framework
of the Marine Science and Technology Program of the Commission of the European Communities are expected to contribute to the
concepts introduced here. 相似文献
7.
Uncertainty plays a major role in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). A large part of this uncertainty is connected
to our lack of knowledge of the integrated functioning of the coastal system and to the increasing need to act in a pro-active
way. Increasingly, coastal managers are forced to take decisions based on information which is surrounded by uncertainties.
Different types of uncertainty can be identified and the role of uncertainty in decision making, scientific uncertainty and
model uncertainty in ICZM is discussed. The issue of spatial variability, which is believed to be extremely important in ICZM
and represents a primary source of complexity and uncertainty, is also briefly introduced. Some principles for complex model
building are described as an approach to handle, in a balanced way, the available data, information, knowledge and experience.
The practical method of sensitivity analysis is then introduced as a method for a posterior evaluation of uncertainty in simulation
models. We conclude by emphasising the need for the definition of an analysis plan in order to handle model uncertainty in
a balanced way during the decision making process. 相似文献
8.
Norman S. Allen Robert McIntyre Julie Maltby Kerrod Claire Hill Michele Edge 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(11):4243-4257
Surface treated macro and nanoparticle TiO2 samples have been prepared, characterised and their efficiency as UV blockers evaluated in clear coatings and paints. The particle size of the ‘base’ TiO2 has been optimised to block UV radiation and the surface treatment developed to deactivate the photocatalytic activity of the surface of the TiO2 particles. The resultant UV blockers have been evaluated in both solvent and water-based clear coatings. Nanoparticle TiO2 has been prepared from ‘seed’ and the particle size was controlled by calcination. It was found that the choice of particle size is a compromise between UVA absorption, UVB absorption, visible transmission and photoactivity. It has been demonstrated that TiO2 with a crystallite size of 25 nm yields a product with the optimum properties. A range of dispersants was successfully used to disperse and mill the TiO2. Both organic and inorganic dispersants were used; 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and 1-amino-2-propanol (MIPA) and P2O5 and Na2SiO3 respectively. The surface of the nano-TiO2 was coated with mixed oxides of silicon, aluminium, zirconium and phosphorous. Addition of the resultant coated nano-rutiles to an Isocyanate Acrylic clear coating prolonged the lifetime of that coating compared to the blank. Generally, a surface treatment based on SiO2, Al2O3 and P2O5 was more successful than one based on ZrO2, Al2O3 and P2O5. Higher addition levels of the surface treatment were beneficial for protecting the polymeric coating. The UV blocker products were also evaluated in a water-based acrylic, first a water-based dispersion of the UV blocker was prepared before addition to the acrylic. The dispersions and resultant acrylic thin films were evaluated using UV/Vis spectroscopy and durability assessed. The ratio of absorbance at 300:500 nm for the water-based dispersion was shown to be a good predictor of both the transparency of the resultant acrylic thin film and the durability of that film, in terms of weight loss. Macro grade titanium dioxide pigments were also prepared and coated with treatments of silica, alumina and siloxane and their photo-stabilising activity in alkyd paint film assessed and found to be directly related to the electron–hole pair mobility and trapping as determined by micro-wave spectroscopy. 相似文献
9.
Angela Paoloni Michele Solfrizzo Rita Bibi 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2018,53(5):327-333
The objective of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Ochratoxin α (OTα) in poultry tissues and eggs. The two toxins were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile/water, purified with a reversed phase C18 solid phase extraction column (SPE) and determined by LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS method performances were evaluated in terms of linearity in solvent and in matrix (ranged from 0.5 to 15.10 µg L?1 for OTA and from 0.60 to 17.85 µg L?1 for OTα), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), specificity, accuracy and precision in repeatability conditions. Recovery experiments were performed by spiking poultry liver, kidney, muscle and eggs around 1 µg kg?1 and 10 µg kg?1. LODs were 0.27 and 0.26 µg kg?1 while LOQs were fixed at 1.0 and 1.2 µg kg?1 for OTA and OTα, respectively. Main recoveries for OTA ranged from 82 to 109% and for OTα ranged from 55 to 89%. The values of within-laboratory relative standard deviation (RSDr) were equal to or below 20%. Considering the results obtained and that all analytical performance criteria were fulfilled, the new extraction and purification method developed for OTA and OTα determination in animal tissues and eggs was found appropriate for control laboratories and research activities designed to ensure food safety. 相似文献
10.
Nicola Cortesi José Carlos Gonzalez-Hidalgo Michele Brunetti Martín de Luis 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(5):1743-1749
The spatial variability of annual and seasonal precipitation in the conterminous land of Spain has been evaluated by using correlation decay distance analysis (CDD). The CDD analysis essentially explores how the correlation between neighbouring stations varies according to distance. We analysed CDD independently for the decades 1956–1965, 1966–1975, 1976–1985, 1986–1995, and 1996–2005 using only those stations with no missing values for each decade. To this end, 972, 1,174, 1,242, 773 and 695 complete series were used for each decade, respectively. In particular, for each station and decade, we calculated the threshold distance at which the common variance between target (i) and neighbour series is higher than 50 % (r 2 = 0.5) to evaluate whether current density of the climate data set captures the spatial variability of precipitation within the study area. Results indicate that, at an annual scale, neighbouring stations with 50 % of common variance are restricted on average to about 105 km, but this distance can vary from 28 to 251 km within the study area. The lowest variability is located to the SW and in winter, while the higher spatial variability is found to the north, in the Cantabrian area, and to the east, in the Mediterranean and Pyrenees, during summer. Our results suggest that current density of climate stations (those operating in 2005) is good enough to study precipitation variability at an annual scale for winter, spring and autumn, but not enough for summer. 相似文献