日本污染控制概述

日本的环境污染控制大体上经历过工业化早期，二次大战后的恢复发展期和七十年代后的全面控制三个时期，并于七十代下半期后形成了以“注重人类居住环境和文化环境中的生活质量”为特征的环境政策和全面维系环境质量的概念，在水污染控制，固体废弃物管理和大气污染控制方面制订了一系列排放标准和管理标准。     

Mass balance of arsenic and antimony in municipal waste incinerators

The arsenic and antimony balance in two municipal waste incinerators was investigated. Initially, the production rates of ash and wet scrubber effluent were estimated. Then the arsenic and antimony in the ash and wet scrubber effluent were determined, which gave an estimate of the elemental balance. The total amounts of arsenic and antimony in the municipal waste were 0.9 g/t and 30–44 g/t, respectively. The distributions to fly ash were 45–47% and 33–74% for arsenic and antimony, respectively. The distribution mechanisms of arsenic and antimony are discussed from the viewpoints of their thermodynamics as well as their initial valencies, which greatly affect their behaviour. Received: July 2, 1998 / Accepted: February 27, 1999     

Dynamics of the nitrogen cycle in a lake and its stability

Recent eutrophication of lakes or sea water has caused serious damage to the ecological balance in aquatic systems and to the quality of water for human use. The purpose of this study is to construct a dynamic model of the nitrogen cycle in a lake and to study the dynamic behavior of the various nitrogen forms such as organic, inorganic and plankton in connection with the mechanism of algal blooms in lakes. The dynamics of the system are represented by a system of non-linear differential equations which include the predator-prey relation between plankton types, and are discussed with the stability analysis of the critical points of differential equations. The effects of seasonal changes of environmental parameters are studied with computer simulations.     

Determination of chlorine in air with the pyridine-pyrazolone reagent

An improved method for the determination of chlorine in air is described. The principle of this method is based on the absorption of chlorine in p-toluenesulfonamide aqueous solution, followed by color development with a pyridine-pyrazolone reagent. Both the chlorine absorbed in the solution and the color developed with the reagent were stable. Positive interference by nitrogen dioxide was not observed.     

川崎市的生态工业革命

川崎市位于东京正南,人口130万.19世纪晚期日本向西方开放的时候,川崎只是一个小镇.从那以后,多种工业包括钢铁、石油精炼、石化、水泥、造纸、动力生产和冶金等,被引进到这里.各公司管理着这些工厂,进行着非常积极的经营.     

Studies on photochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons V: Photochemical reaction of chlorobenzene with nitrogen oxides in air

The investigations on the photochemical reaction of chlorobenzene with nitrogen oxides in air were carried out using the reaction vessels made of Pyrex glass and quartz, respectively. The irradiation of chlorobenzene in the Pyrex glass vessel gave m-chloronitrobenzene, 2-chloro-6-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol and 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol, while the irradiation of chlorobenzene in the quartz vessel resulted in m-chloronitrobenzene, p-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, 3-chloro-2-nitrophenol, 3-chloro-6-nitrophenol and 3-chloro-4-nitrophenol.The formation mechanism of these chloronitrophenols was considered using the theory of the nitro-nitrite rearrangement of chloronitrobenzenes.