陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性研究

研究陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性规律对于改善大庆市萨尔图区的生态环境,了解物种群落丰富度具有重要意义.通过野外样地调查,分析了陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物群落组成,并计算了植物群落多样性特征指数,包括Margalef指数,Simpson指数,Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有38种植物,分别隶属于18科34属,除榆树为木本植物外,有36种草本植物以及1种藓类植物.经数据处理后得出,每个样方平均含有3个物种,植株个体数目平均为115,Margalef指数平均值为0.567,Simpson指数平均值为0.814,Shannon-wiener指数平均值为0.313,Pielou均匀度指数平均值为0.267.由此看出,陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性水平较低,植物群落组成较为单一,生态环境脆弱.     

Alteration of dominant cyanobacteria in different bloom periods caused by abiotic factors and species interactions

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms have drawn public attention because they threaten the safety of water resources and human health worldwide. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms outbreak in Lake Taihu in summer annually and vanish in other months. To find out the factors impacting the cyanobacterial blooms, the present study measured the physicochemical parameters of water and investigated the composition of microbial community using the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing in the months with or without bloom. The most interesting finding is that two major cyanobacteria, Planktothrix and Microcystis, dramatically alternated during a cyanobacterial bloom in 2016, which is less mentioned in previous studies. When the temperature of the water began increasing in July, Planktothrix appeared first and showed as a superior competitor for M. aeruginosa in NO₃^?-rich conditions. Microcystis became the dominant genus when the water temperature increased further in August. Laboratory experiments confirmed the influence of temperature and the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) form on the growth of Planktothrix and Microcystis in a co-culture system. Besides, species interactions between cyanobacteria and non-cyanobacterial microorganisms, especially the prokaryotes, also played a key role in the alteration of Planktothrix and Microcystis. The present study exhibited the alteration of two dominant cyanobacteria in the different bloom periods caused by the temperature, TDN forms as well as the species interactions. These results helped the better understanding of cyanobacterial blooms and the factors which contribute to them.     

一起直流单极连续3次闭锁故障仿真分析

宁夏电网目前已接入3回直流,其中第1回直流为±660 kV接入,容量为4 GW;第2回直流为±800 kV,容量为8 GW;第3回直流为±800 kV,容量为10 GW,并正式形成了送端直流群。随着特高压直流的接入,宁夏电网发生直流故障的次数逐渐增多。针对第2回直流某次典型单极连续3次闭锁故障,详细介绍了事故发生的过程和故障前后宁夏电网运行方式及系统动态特性的变化情况。利用PSASP程序建立宁夏电网仿真模型,还原了故障前电网运行方式,并仿真再现了故障后的电网动态过程。通过仿真与实测结果的对比,进一步明确了直流故障期间电网特性的变化情况,同时验证了仿真模型的准确性。     

Emission factors and particulate matter size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustions in rural Northern China

Coal consumption is one important contributor to energy production, and is regarded as one of the most important sources of air pollutants that have considerable impacts on human health and climate change. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal combustion were studied in a typical stove. Emission factors (EFs) of 16 EPA priority PAHs from tested coals ranged from 6.25 ± 1.16 mg kg^?1 (anthracite) to 253 ± 170 mg kg^?1 (bituminous), with NAP and PHE dominated in gaseous and particulate phases, respectively. Size distributions of particulate phase PAHs from tested coals showed that they were mostly associated with particulate matter (PM) with size either between 0.7 and 2.1 μm or less than 0.4 μm (PM_0.4). In the latter category, not only were more PAHs present in PM_0.4, but also contained higher fractions of high molecular weight PAHs. Generally, there were more than 89% of total particulate phase PAHs associated with PM_2.5. Gas-particle partitioning of freshly emitted PAHs from residential coal combustions were thought to be mainly controlled by absorption rather than adsorption, which is similar to those from other sources. Besides, the influence of fuel properties and combustion conditions was further investigated by using stepwise regression analysis, which indicated that almost 57 ± 10% of total variations in PAH EFs can be accounted for by moisture and volatile matter content of coal in residential combustion.     

宁夏电网750/330kV电磁环网解环规划研究

宁夏电网330/220 kV电磁环网实施解环后仍将面临750/330 kV电磁环网运行所带来的短路电流超标、潮流热稳定等问题。对“十三五”期间宁夏电网750/330 kV电磁环网解环和电网分区运行提出规划方案,运用电力系统分析综合程序(Power System Analysis SoftwarePackage, PSASP),将解环后短路电流的限制效果、潮流热稳问题、暂态特性变化进行仿真计算分析,对存在的运行风险提出相应的解决措施。结果表明:所提出的宁夏电网750/330 kV电磁环网解环方案限制短路电流效果明显,解环后暂态稳定水平较高,存在的局部潮流热稳问题可通过安控装置、新能源合理接入等措施加以解决。     

去除生活废水及污泥中病毒的研究

从生活废水中病毒的处理着手，通过实验测定病毒蚀斑形成数量(PFU)，说明了生活废水中病毒数量的非恒定性和病毒易与污泥吸附的特性，以及常规废水处理方法对它们杀灭效率的不一致性，并分析了废水处理过程中几种杀灭病毒的方法，以及它们的不同效率和杀灭病毒的原理，探讨城市污水处理中病毒去除的几种方法。     

低DO与化学控制相结合的半亚硝化运行

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺（ANAMMOX）的进水需求以及污水中氮素的存在形态,增强前置半亚硝化工艺的运行稳定性是十分有必要的。研究发现：在温度（30±1）℃、进水pH在8.0以上、DO在0.3 mg·L-1左右、HRT=8 h的情况下;逐步增加进水氨氮（NH4+-N）与碳酸氢盐浓度,经过19 d成功启动亚硝化反应（以亚硝硝酸盐积累率达到50%为限）;为了进一步提升亚硝酸盐积累率,间歇投加5 mmol·L-1氯酸钾,后又改加联氨作为硝化反应的选择性抑制剂,经过大约90 d的反复调试运行,使得出水中NH4+-N与亚硝态氮（NO2--N）的摩尔比近似1：1,基本符合厌氧氨氧化工艺进水需求。通过Miseq测序结果发现：氨氧化菌（AOB）在添加氯酸钾之后,已经成为绝对优势菌种,所占比例为54.99%;在添加联氨之后,AOB所占比例能够达到63.92%,其中包括Nitrosomonas sp和Nitrosomonas europaea这两种亚硝化菌;只有痕量亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的存在。     

考虑不同场景的砖木结构古建筑火灾特征研究

为探明砖木结构古建筑火场下的特征,定量分析不同火灾场景下,建筑内部温度、烟气浓度等参数的变化。选取中国北方典型的砖木结构体系的四合院韩城党家村贾祖祠为研究对象,采用PyroSim建模分析,研究不同火灾场景下不同时间点的温度、CO浓度、能见度等变化。研究结果表明:贾祖祠主厢房较封闭,火灾中火源周围温度峰值可达750 ℃,CO质量浓度达到0.003 kg/m3,能见度几乎为0 m,风速最高为10 m/s且极不稳定;四合院中主厢房空间布局高,火灾中这些参数的影响会导致严重的轰燃现象发生,故此处发生火灾更易产生严重危害。对不同场景的砖木结构古建筑重要火灾因素发展规律的研究,能为古建筑的性能化防火提供科学参考依据。     

凤眼莲、稻草和污泥制备生物炭的特性表征与环境影响解析

有机废弃物限氧热解制备生物炭可在减缓温室气体排放的同时改善土壤和水体环境质量,但同时生物炭在环境中的应用具有潜在生态毒理风险.因此,在将生物炭大规模应用于各类环境介质前,对其关键物理-化学性质进行系统分析与评价是极为必要的.本文选择对我国水生生态环境危害最大的入侵植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和我国产量最高的农业废弃物稻草,以及市政污水处理厂剩余污泥3种生物质前体,于250~550℃进行低温慢热解,对所制备生物炭的表面形貌、元素组成、矿物形态和一系列关键化学特性进行了全面表征与比较分析.在此基础上,深入探讨了此3类生物炭应用于土壤改良、重金属污染修复和水体富营养化控制的潜力与风险.结果表明,凤眼莲生物炭中K、Ca、Na、Mg含量最为丰富,指示其对于缓解土壤酸化具有重要应用价值,而其中P主要以AlPO_4晶体态存在,水溶性较低,这有利于降低此类生物炭引起水体富营养化的风险;水稻秸秆生物炭阳离子交换量(CEC)相对较高,达到33.7 cmol·kg~(-1),表明其在提高土壤保肥能力和降低重金属生物有效性方面具有较大潜力;SEM-EDX显示,凤眼莲生物炭和稻草秸秆生物炭均具有发达的束筒结构,可优先考虑用于改善土壤通气性;但是,部分生物炭中水溶性Cd、As含量超出安全阈值,表明对有机质前体和热解产物进行严格检测和筛选是实现生物炭在环境与农业中安全利用的必要环节.     

Preparation,characterization, and kinetics of nanoscale iron in nitrate nitrogen removal from polluted water

The aim of this study was to examine the production of nanoscale ions via the liquid phase reduction method and the effectiveness of the removal of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?–N) as well as measure the products and kinetics of the reactions. The nanoparticles obtained were approximately 50 nm in diameter and the main component was iron (Fe). This custom-made nanoscale Fe was highly positively charged, and reacted rapidly with NO₃^?–N in oxygen-free and neutral conditions at room temperature. A 90% removal rate was achieved when the reaction occurred for 30 min in simulation sample water with vigorous shaking at 250 r/min at NO₃^?–N concentrations of 30, 50, 80 or120 mg N/L. The nanometer Fe dosage was maintained throughout the experiment at 4 g/L. A first-order kinetics equation was applied to the obtained experimental data which followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Data demonstrated that the removal of nitrate nitrogen from polluted groundwater using a nanoscale Fe iron was effective and rapid.