海面原油的挥发

本文对于海面溢油的扩散及其挥发现象,进行了简易的模型试验研究。采用以前发表过的计算原理进行了挥发过程中的空气动力学的计算。文中对热动力学部分,即油的特性与油的风化过程,也进行了详细的的描述。将实验室数据与海洋现场实测数据进行比较后。证明该模型是成功的 同时也证明,在波浪的作用下,油与水的混合对溢油挥发的影响很小,可忽略不计,鉴于在实验室试验初始阶段,尚不能确定波浪与乳化作用对溢油挥发的影响程度,我们有目的地使油的扩散模型尽可能简化。本文给出了计算油膜边缘扩散速度的公式,并提出油膜临界厚度这一概念,小于这一厚度,油膜停止扩散。继而指明了影响溢油挥发的重要因素。本文还列举了溢油挥发的实例,并叙述了风速与温度对溢油挥发的影响。     

白铁矿转变和黄铁矿前身物的岩相学鉴定

利用综合的关于由白铁矿合成的黄铁矿，以及由白铁矿和磁黄铁矿形成的黄铁矿的天然样品的特征，就能识别薄片中由白铁矿转变和由磁黄铁矿氧化淋滤而形成的黄铁矿。由白铁矿转变而形成的黄铁矿的特征有：其孔隙空间约为实际矿物的2％、孔隙内无副产物充填、光学各向异性（暗绿至暗红色）和呈相对于白铁矿母晶具两个取向的他形子体黄铁矿晶畴。由磁黄铁矿氧化溶解（与淋滤作用相反）形成的黄铁矿或白铁矿的特征有：孔隙空间达实际矿物的32％、黄铁矿与磁黄铁矿母晶之间有缝隙、孔隙和缝隙中充填着副产物（菱铁矿、磁铁矿和水硅铁石或其它含铁相）、光学各向同性（对黄铁矿而言）、晶面发育和相对于磁黄铁矿母晶为随机取向。由磁黄铁矿中的铁氧化淋滤（与完全溶解相反）形成的白铁矿也具有大量孔隙，但相对于磁黄铁矿母体呈优选取向。由白铁矿形成的黄铁矿可用作表征白铁矿母晶沉积期间的沉积条件为pH＜5和t＜～240℃的指示剂。紧随磁黄铁矿溶解后沉淀出的白铁矿，也可以指示矿物变换期间的沉淀条件。由磁黄铁矿氧化淋滤形成的白铁矿不能用作这些沉淀条件的证据。     

一种岩石地球化学勘探法—用判别分析法确定黑思斯提耳(Heath Steele)矿山的微量元素晕

一、前言 纽布朗斯威克(New Brunswick)北部许多层状硫化物矿床都产生在火成碎屑石英长石斑岩和沉积岩岩系中,这些岩石已变质为绿色片岩相。矿物蚀变如果真有的话,它都局限在岩石中矿化作用的附近;产生上盘和下盘的斑状岩石,在所研究的标本上没有差别。     

加拿大地质调查所1972年采用的前寒武纪年表

目前C.H.斯托克韦尔(Stockwell)对他所提出的加拿大地盾前寒武纪年表的年龄值进行了修正(见表)。同较早公布的一样,造山运动的终结被选作时间划分的界限,但现在已把造山年龄和造陆(或冷却)年龄区分开了。造山运动终结的时间位于最年青造山相和紧接着而来的造陆冷却时间开始之间相当短的间隔之内。伟晶岩一般是最年青的造山物质,其年龄可以用U-Pb法测定。造陆冷却时间开始的时代是用K-Ar法对造山成因角闪石进行的严密测定而测     

酸性矿井水沉淀污泥中锰及其他金属的化学稳定性

(美国)联邦法规1985年a和b对矿井水排放标准做了具体的规定,见表1。为满足排放要求,必须依法对酸性矿井水进行处理。这主要涉及到以下三大步骤:(一)向酸性矿井水加碱性物质,通常有CaO、Ca(OH)_2或NaOH;(二)自然曝气或机械曝气;(三)沉淀。当酸性矿井水PH值调到7或8时,且有足够的沉淀时间,绝大多数矿井水     

生长于酒精中的红苹红球菌S—1的微生物如凝剂的产生

从土壤中分离的红苹红球菌株Ｓ－１产生微生物絮凝剂，我们发现酒精可作为它产生絮凝剂的碳源。乙醇为其絮凝剂产生及培养时间提供最佳条件，在乙醇环境产生的微生物絮凝剂对生及碱性的悬浮性污物有大范围的絮凝。     

Some epidemiologic features of disasters in guatemala

Epidemiological procedures can be organised under disaster conditions by means of a simple surveillance system and with few personnel.
In the aftermath of the 4 February 1976 earthquake in Guatemala, an information system was organized by which the requisite information for decision-making was obtained with adequate speed and promptness.
The initial epidemiologic informution was based on reports collected during the early days on symptoms observed at hospitals and health centers and in localities and villages in the stricken area.
At a second, post-emergency stage a more elaborate surveillance system was instituted to provide guidance in the investigntwn of outbreaks, evaluate the health activities and establish basic criteria for preventive and control measures.     

Socio-economic Comparison Between Traditional and Improved Cultivation Methods in Agroforestry Systems, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

The East Usambara Mountains, recognized as one of the 25 most important biodiversity hot spots in the world, have a high degree of species diversity and endemism that is threatened by increasing human pressure on resources. Traditional slash and burn cultivation in the area is no longer sustainable. However, it is possible to maintain land productivity, decrease land degradation, and improve rural people’s livelihood by ameliorating cultivation methods. Improved agroforestry seems to be a very convincing and suitable method for buffer zones of conservation areas. Farmers could receive a reasonable net income from their farm with little investment in terms of time, capital, and labor. By increasing the diversity and production of already existing cultivations, the pressure on natural forests can be diminished. The present study shows a significant gap between traditional cultivation methods and improved agroforestry systems in socio-economic terms. Improved agroforestry systems provide approximately double income per capita in comparison to traditional methods. More intensified cash crop cultivation in the highlands of the East Usambara also results in double income compared to that in the lowlands. However, people are sensitive to risks of changing farming practices. Encouraging farmers to apply better land management and practice sustainable cultivation of cash crops in combination with multipurpose trees would be relevant in improving their economic situation in the relatively short term. The markets of most cash crops are already available. Improved agroforestry methods could ameliorate the living conditions of the local population and protect the natural reserves from human disturbance.     

Nitrogen removal in laboratory model leachfields with organic-rich layers

Septic system leachfields can release dissolved nitrogen in the form of nitrate into ground water, presenting a significant source of pollution. Low cost, passive modifications, which increase N removal in traditional leachfields, could substantially reduce the overall impact on ground water resources. Bench-scale laboratory models were constructed to evaluate the effect of placing an organic layer below the leachfield on total N removal. The organic layer provides a carbon source for denitrification. Column units representing septic leachfields were constructed with sawdust-native soil organic layers placed 0.45 m below the influent line and with thicknesses of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m. Using a synthetic septic tank effluent, NO(3)-N concentrations at 3.8 m below the influent line were consistently below 1 mg L(-1) during 10 months of operation compared with a NO(3)-N concentration of nearly 12 mg L(-1) in the control column. The average total N removal increased from 31% without the organic layer to 67% with the organic layer. Total N removal appeared limited by the extent of organic N oxidation and nitrification in the 0.45-m aerobic zone. Design modifications targeted at improving nitrification above the organic layer may further increase total N removal. Increased organic layer thicknesses from 0.3 m to 0.9 m did not significantly improve average total N removal, but caused a shift in residual nitrogen from organic N to ammonia N. Results indicate that addition of a layer of carbon source material at least 0.3 m thick below a standard leachfield substantially improves total N removal.