Production of laccase by Coriolus versicolor and its application in decolorization of dyestuffs: (Ⅱ) Decolorization of dyes by laccase containing fermentation broth with or without self-immobilized mycelia

The capability of decolorization for commercial dyes by Coriolus versicolur fermentation broth containing laccase with or without immobilized mycelium was evaluated.With cell-free fermentation broth containing laccase,high decolorization ratio was achieved for acid orange 7,but not for the other dyes concerned.The immobilized mycelium was proved to be more efficient than the cell-free system.All the four dyestuffs studied were found being decolourized with certain extent by immobilized mycelium.The repeated-batch decolorization was carried out with satisfactory results.The experimental data showed that the continuous decolorization of wastewater from a printing and dyeing industry was possible by using self-immobilized C.Versicolor.     

Production of laccase by Coriolus versicolor and its application in decolorization of dyestuffs : (Ⅰ) Production of laccase by batch and repeated-batch processes

The production of laccase by Coriolus versicolor was studied.The effect of cultivation on laccase production by Coriolus versicolor was examined to obtain optimal medium and cultivation conditions.Both batch and repeated-batch processes were performed for laccase production.In repeated-batch fermentation with self-immobilized mycelia, total of 14 cycles were performed with laccase activity in the range between 3.4 and 14.8U/ml.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

分级喷水增湿对半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响

研究了增湿水量、增湿水级数以及增湿水分配方式等参数对半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响。得出了一定试验条件下这些参数的优化值，它们分别为：增湿水量30％、三级增湿、递减分配方式。在此优化工况下，可以使塔内和系统脱硫效率分别达到68％和90％以上，比无增湿时分别提高6％和5％左右。     

Study on phosphorus loadings in ten natural and agricultural watersheds in subtropical region of China

Water eutrophication in subtropical regions of southern China threatens watershed health and is of major concern. However, annual phosphorus (P) loading and its dominant causes are still unclear, especially at the watershed scale. In this study, we investigated dynamic P loadings and associated factors (e.g., land use, livestock production, and runoff depth) in ten watersheds that varied in area from 9 to 5,212 ha in a hilly area of Hunan Province, China. A flowmeter was installed at the outlet of each watershed, and total P (TP) and soluble P (SP) concentrations were monitored periodically from June 2010 to October 2012. The results showed that annual P loadings (APLs) in the ten watersheds ranged from 22.8 to 247.8 kg P/km² and that P loss primarily occurred from April to June of each year during the main rainfall season in the study area. In addition, the average eutrophication (>0.05 mg P/L) ratio for stream waters was 86.7 % during the study period, which was indicative of a potentially serious condition for the local water environments. Annual P loadings were linearly related to livestock density (LD; R?=?0.92, p?<?0.01), whereas the eutrophication ratio of stream water was significantly (p?<?0.05) correlated with LD (R?=?0.61), percentage cropland (R?=?0.71), and percentage forest cover (R?=??0.68). Thus, it is concluded that the control of livestock production has the greatest potential for reducing P loadings in watersheds in this subtropical area. This will be beneficial to the amelioration and protection of local environment.     

亚热带流域氮磷排放与养殖业环境承载力实例研究

畜禽养殖业粪便排放已经成为我国农村地区主要的农业面源污染源之一,也是制约养殖业良性发展的主要瓶颈.本文以湖南省长沙县典型亚热带流域为研究单元,基于流域水环境定位观测、耕地氮(N)磷(P)消纳能力以及养殖业调查和土壤分析资料,初步分析了亚热带丘陵区的面源污染现状及畜禽养殖业的环境承载力.结果表明,研究区金井河流域134.4 km2范围内N、P年负荷分别为N 2.72 t·km-2和P0.11t·km-2,其中养殖粪便对水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)负荷的贡献率分别约为42.2％和62.0％.区内平均畜禽养殖密度为3.46 AU·hm-2(相当于流域内年出栏生猪24.39万头),显著高于现有化肥用量条件下流域的实际承载力1.13 AU·hm-2(相当于流域内年出栏生猪6.35万头),因此养殖密度过高是导致研究区水体NP负荷较高的主要原因.区内N、P盈余量分别为N 35.8 kg·hm-2、P 18.61 kg·hm-2.研究区基本不施用化肥条件下畜禽养殖业的最大环境承载力为7.26 AU·hm-2,在有机肥占合理施肥量30％条件下,当地畜禽养殖业的环境承载力为2.74AU·hm-2(相当于流域内年出栏生猪19.50万头).降低养殖密度、调整养殖业空间布局以及提高养殖废弃物的资源化利用率是防治当前面源污染的有效途径.     

广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿栖息地的气候资源分析

气候资源是影响动物行为、发育、存活、繁殖与分布等的重要因子。为了探明广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿栖息地的气候环境特征,对其栖息地附近县(乡)的主要气象要素进行统计与分析。结果表明:广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿栖息地年均日照时数为1 521.8小时,月变幅为25.44%;年均气温为19.1℃,最冷月平均气温为11.0℃,最热月平均气温为25.0℃;年均降雨量为1 606.3 mm,月变幅为86.05%;年均蒸发量为1 507.1 mm,月变幅为28.06%;年均相对湿度为80%,月变幅为2.60%;年均风速为1.5 m/s,月变幅为15.4%。     

水稻种植对中亚热带红壤丘陵区小流域氮磷养分输出的影响

以湖南省长沙县的脱甲流域(高水稻种植面积比例)和涧山流域(低水稻种植面积比例)为研究对象,对比研究红壤丘陵地区典型农业流域水稻种植对河流水体氮磷浓度和输出强度的影响.连续16个月的监测结果表明,脱甲和涧山流域河流水体均存在比较严重的养分污染,尤其是氮污染;对比两个流域,脱甲流域河流水体的氮磷浓度水平和水质恶化程度均高于涧山流域.从养分组成来看,脱甲流域河流水体中氮以铵态氮为主(占总氮的58.5%),而涧山流域主要是硝态氮(占总氮的76.1%).脱甲流域中可溶性磷占总磷比例为47.1%,高于涧山流域的37.5%.从养分浓度变化的时间动态而言,两个流域河流中各形态氮素水平在1~2月和7月较高,而可溶性磷和总磷在5~6月和10~12月出现两个峰值.由于两个流域河道径流主要集中在水稻种植期间的4~10月,脱甲流域河流中较高的氮磷养分浓度意味着潜在的氮磷流失风险.脱甲流域月平均总氮输出通量为1.67 kg·(hm2·月)-1,总磷为0.06 kg·(hm2·月)-1,均高于涧山流域的0.44 kg·(hm2·月)-1和0.02kg·(hm2·月)-1.考虑到两个流域的气候、地形地貌、土壤类型、农田耕作方式相似而只是水稻种植面积比例不同,因此,在该地区传统的水稻栽培管理模式下,较高面积比例的水稻种植对流域河流水体环境存在潜在威胁.     

脱水污泥制备含炭吸附剂及其应用研究

采用热解炭化法、物理活化法、化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验研究各种影响污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能的因素.实验结果表明,采用化学活化法制得的污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能最好,在以ZnCl2为活化剂、锯末添加剂投加量为脱水污泥质量的1%、ZnCl2为3 mol/L、活化温度为450 ℃、活化时间为1.5 h、固液质量比(干污泥与活化剂溶液的质量比)为1:4的最佳制备条件下,制得的污泥含炭吸附剂碘吸附值在520 mg/g以上,产物收率>60%,比表面积>230 m2/g,总孔容积为0.35 mL/g,其中微孔容积为0.08 mL/g,中孔容积为0.23 mL/g.利用其处理城市污水,其对COD、色度、TP的去除率好于选定的商品颗粒活性炭.     

废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的研究

脱色处理是提高废食用油油品质量、利用其生产生物柴油的关键环节之一.研究餐饮废食用油活性炭吸附脱色工艺,考察典型木质活性炭和煤基活性炭对脱色效果的影响,并将活性炭结构、性能指标与其脱色能力进行关联.结果表明,以弱粘性煤和褐煤为原料制备的活性炭对废食用油脱色效果较好;活性炭的总孔容积、总比表面积、微孔比表面积、微孔容积、碘值和亚甲基蓝值等性能指标与脱色效果关联度不大,而活性炭的孔径和中孔容积是决定活性炭脱色效果的主要指标.优化后废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的主要参数是:活性炭用量7%,炭粒度100～300目,脱色温度90～120℃,吸附时间为30 min,搅拌速度为10 r/min,废食用油的脱色率在50%～65%.