典型湖泊水华特征及相关影响因素分析

通过2011-2015年对太湖、巢湖和滇池水华高发季节的连续监测,以藻类密度和水华面积为判据评价了3个湖体的水华情况及变化趋势,探讨了水华发生的主要影响因素。结果表明：太湖水华程度以"轻度水华"为主,巢湖水华程度以"轻微水华"为主,滇池水华程度以"中度水华"为主;太湖、巢湖和滇池水华规模均以"零星性水华"为主;太湖和巢湖藻类密度与水温、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与氨氮无显著相关性;滇池藻类密度与水温、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关,与透明度和氨氮呈显著负相关,与pH、溶解氧和总氮无显著相关性。     

2017~2022年环渤海地区代表性城市臭氧时空分布特征及气象条件的影响

近年来环渤海地区城市环境空气臭氧（O₃）污染问题引起广泛关注.在对2017~2022年环渤海地区代表性城市东营市O₃浓度时空分布特征进行分析的基础上,评估了气象因素及海陆风环流对O₃浓度的影响.结果表明：①2017~2022年,东营市O₃年评价值呈波动上升趋势,以O₃为首要污染物的污染天数增加. O₃污染主要出现在春夏秋三季,其中5~6月最为严重,且O₃污染季持续时间变长. O₃浓度日最大8 h滑动平均值（MDA8 O₃）的月际变化呈双峰分布,第5和25百分位数增加明显,空间分布呈现“南北高,中部低”的特征.此外,近年来东营市夜间O₃浓度也表现出明显增加的趋势. ②气象因素对东营市O₃浓度变化有较大影响.在温度 > 30℃、相对湿度 < 50%、风向为西南偏南或东北偏东时易出现O₃高值.研究期间东营市气象因素贡献了MDA8 O₃变化的30%;在O₃中度污染与重度污染的情况下,气象因素对MDA8 O₃变化的贡献率可高达40%. ③海陆风对O₃超标日的发生具有一定贡献.海陆风日午后O₃浓度比非海陆风日高20 μg·m^-3左右.在O₃中度及重度污染日,海陆风日10：00~16：00的O₃浓度比非海陆风日O₃浓度高,且20：00~23：00 O₃浓度也处于较高水平.可见海陆风能够显著影响沿海地区城市O₃浓度,为该地区的O₃污染防控带来极大的挑战.建议未来环渤海地区城市进一步加强区域O₃污染联防联控联治,加大氮氧化物和挥发性有机物的减排力度,以减少陆风气团中污染物浓度,从而降低海风气团对环渤海地区城市空气质量的影响.     

Fe3O4@PEG@SiO2人工抗体的制备及其对噻吩磺隆的吸附性能

以FeCl2·4H2O和FeCl3·6H2O为原料采用共沉淀法制备Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子,在其表面修饰聚乙二醇 2000（PEG-2000）,在所得的修饰了PEG-2000的Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子溶液中加入模板分子噻吩磺隆、交联剂正硅酸乙酯和催化剂氨水,水解后制得印迹了噻吩磺隆的Fe3O4@PEG@SiO2人工抗体。用体积比为1:4的乙酸和丙酮溶液为洗脱剂,洗脱位于SiO2壳层中的印迹分子,形成具有与印迹分子结构、大小和功能基团互补的特异性识别位点空穴。制备的Fe3O4@PEG@SiO2人工抗体对目标分析物噻吩磺隆分子选择性识别和吸附,对噻吩磺隆的最大饱和结合量为41.28 mg·g-1,前30 min内,其吸附速率为0.45 mg·(min·g)-1,分别是非印迹方法的5.34倍和3.46倍。     

基于土地利用变化的忻州市生态格局时空变化分析

为了厘清改革开放以来忻州市各类生态系统及生态系统格局的时空特征,使用忻州全市1980、2000、2018年的土地利用和覆盖(LULC)二级分类数据,经过土地转移矩阵和景观格局指数计算,探讨分析了忻州市改革开放以来近40年的LULC及格局的长时间序列时空变化特征,以揭示忻州市的生态环境变化态势。研究区近40年来以城镇用地和其他建设用地增加为主,其他各类减少,城镇化和人口增长带来的土地和生态压力主要集中在草地、耕地以及湿地上;其中2000—2018年的变化更剧烈,人类活动对自然的干扰加剧,但同时在这一阶段已经开始了森林、湿地的保护,开展经济发展与生态文明同步建设。     

两株高效芘降解菌对土壤中芘的降解研究

研究了芘的高效降解菌株在土壤环境中对芘降解情况,主要结论如下:(1)芽孢杆菌B6和假单孢菌B17在土壤中仍对芘具有较强的降解能力,在10 d时对芘降解率达到最大值,降解率依次为24.45%和18.77%;(2)接入菌株后,土壤中过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化不显著;(3)使用利福平抗性细菌研究了菌株的定殖状况,结果表明由于土壤恶劣的环境条件,使定殖菌量偏低,但2种菌株在土壤中仍具有一定的定殖能力。且菌株B6在土壤中增殖能力强于菌株B17。     

水解-好氧系统处理生活污水的特性研究

采用新型 Yakult填料和中心导流式曝气方式 ,设计制作了新型生活污水净化装置 ,试验表明 ,停留时间 16 h左右 ,CODCr去除率 >80 % ,BOD5去除率 >90 % ,SS去除率 >85 % ,NH3 - N去除率 >87% ,出水水质达到国家一级排放标准     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

基于成本收益理论的宅基地自愿有偿退出有效阈值——以改革试点区宜城市为例

宅基地退出是有效缓解城乡建设用地之间的矛盾、促进乡村振兴的重要手段。在梳理宅基地有偿退出路径的基础上构建宅基地价值补偿体系,按照政府能承受、农户能接受、工作可持续的原则,基于成本收益理论科学测定在不同模式下宅基地自愿有偿退出的有效阈值。结果表明：（1）宅基地退出补偿阈值是农户能接受的最小值和政府能承受的最大值所组成的补偿范围。（2）农户退出宅基地损失的机会成本和退出总成本之和小于最小阈值时农户愿意有偿退出,最大阈值低于宅基地、地上附属设施权利价值和退出总成本之和。（3）“异地改造”模式下,政府处于主导地位,资金来源较少,实际补偿金额接近最小阈值。“一户多宅”模式下,政府和农户诉求相当,补偿金额偏向中位数。“整体搬迁”和“社区化”模式下,农户处于主导地位,政府补偿资金来源较多,实际补偿金额趋向最大阈值。     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.