港口工程对沿海环境的影响

海洋的许多生态参数,如溶解氧浓度和温度等均与环流有关,所以环流的流态对海洋环境的影响十分显著。在海中建造各种建筑物必然会妨碍水体运动,从而影响海洋环境。本文旨在研究港口建筑物对环流运动的影响和由此而引起的环境影响。 文中提出一个可供估算水文参数和废水耗氧量变化的简易数学模型。对于废水引起的富营养化效应也做了分析研究。 在港口工程规划设计阶段,必须进行环境生态影响的研究,如果港口附近有污水排放口,进行环境影响分析尤为重要。 本文介绍的方法,曾应用于靠近雅典城市污水排放区的比雷埃夫斯港的扩建工程。分析表明,如果按照原来的设计进行施工,而忽视工程引起的环境影响,其结果必然导致明显的生态变化。     

城市空气中多环芳烃定量测定方法

本文发展了一种对城市空气中多环芳烃(PAH)定量测定的方法。该方法可以用极少量溶剂,相当快地完成测定工作。     

自由市场与环境

在诺贝尔奖得主保罗·塞缪尔森首先提出的经济理论中,有这样一种见解,即不能指望不受控制的市场会保护环境。按照这一理论,清洁的空气和水属于“公共消费品”,其价值在市场过程中是得不到充分反映的。那些可能制造污染的人不会考虑他们行为的社会成本,而只关心自身承担的成本;此外,由于清洁环境的工作甚至可以使那些袖手旁观者也蒙受其益,如此一来,人人都会自然而然地想坐享其成。同样,如果市场不能立竿见影地反映出保存多样化生物或拯救具体物种的利益,土地拥有者也不会愿意为公益而出钱保护环境。这一理论认为,如果没有政府干预,环境就得不到充分保护。     

库里提巴市的可持续性与规划程序

可持续性是一个关于人与自然或社会与环境平衡的概念。根据自身历史、地理或社会文化背景的不同，每个人或社会对这一概念的理解也不相同。虽然在理论上缺乏一致性，但是可持续发展概念一直存在于社会的自然与人为空间适应和变化过程中，以及以生存和发展为目的的生产过程中。当涉及到城市或城市空间时，这些过程反映了一个社会认可、支配和确定保证满足基本需求范围的方式，同时确保城市随着时间的发展而生存下来。     

离子色谱法分离La系元素——电子选择性不同可同时测定过渡金属和镧系金属

稀土元素的测定,特别是镧系元素,在各种工业中是很重要的。例如,在核动力工业中,对处置放射燃料的镧系分裂产物的测定就是称为燃耗(burnup)参数的衡量尺度。在矿业中各种岩石样中的痕量镧系元素的测量有助于勘探者寻找镧系矿藏。 同样,地质样中痕量镧系元素的浓度可为判断一些地质形成过程提供线索。岩石中镧系元素的浓度一般都不随时间而变。因此分析镧系物对探索地质成因及其运动可提供一个“指痕”(fingerprint),因为没有任何两个取自不同地点的样品是具有相同断     

青年决定环保公众参与的未来

环境问题的产生很大程度上是过度消费导致的。青年是社会的未来。青年能否 转换消费观念,树立绿色消费模式,积极投身保护环境,直接决定了未来社会 的发展。     

塞浦路斯的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史地震危险性评定在塞浦路斯虽处于初始阶段,但并未忽视其重要性。地震危险性评定对结构(如构筑物和大坝)的设计安全性参数确定所起的关键作用已有充分认识。到目前为止,已进行了两个场地的地震危险性评定。第一项是确定一大坝坝址预期最大可能地面加速度(Neophyton,1981),第二项估计尼科西亚老城墙以内地区不同烈度地震过程中人员及财产可能损失(Constantinon,1990),研究结果公布于地质调查局的内部报告上。对市区及近郊的岩土工程编图方面,也做了大量工作。测定了Larnaca镇沿海地区的潜在疑难层,如冲积层和高有机含量沉积层(Michaelides,1988)。在塞浦路斯,尽管全国地震危险性图有震中分布图(公元前180～公元1972年)、具有预期最大地面加速度值的观测烈度带图(公元前180～公元1980)和最大能量释放带图(1901～1972),但至今尚未进行综合地震危险性评定研究。     

The role of socio-economic data in food needs assessment and monitoring

This paper reviews six case studies examined as part of a project to review targetting methodologies employed by non-government organisations in Africa during the 1984-6 food crisis. Most agencies have not yet fully evaluated the role of data in informing policy decisions during their respective emergency programmes. The case studies presented reflect a wide variety of approaches to targetting emergency food aid that are based largely on the use of 'socio-economic' data. The recent emergency relief operations in Africa seem to indicate a change in relief agencies' approaches to the assessment and monitoring of needs of the affected populations. Earlier dependance on nutritional data has given way to an increasing reliance on the use of socio-economic indicators. There was a wide variation in the case studies of the type of indicators collected and utilised in needs assessment and monitoring. There were those who relied almost exclusively on nutritional data to target resources during the 1984-86 African crisis, and others whose experiences during that period lead them to attach more weight to socio-economic data. Other agencies appear to have recognised the problems of relying solely on nutritional data to target food aid during their 1984–86 emergency programmes, and thus more or less abandoned classical anthropometric surveys in their needs assessment and monitoring methodologies during this period. Thus nutritional data has a less significant role in the decision making process than previously had been the case.     

The qiongshan earthquake of july 1605

In 1605 a destructive earthquake affected the northern region of Hainan Island and adjacent parts of the Chinese mainland. Based on a detailed analysis of contemporary chronicles, the authors present a revision of the effects of the earthquake, and show that a sequence of strong shocks throughout 1605 caused cumulative damage and relatively heavy loss of life in Qiongshan. The subsidence of large areas of coast round Puqian Bay and Dongzhai Port is shown to be due to a combination of liquefaction caused by the shock, the occurrence of a typhoon associated with flooding and exacerbated by a high surge tide, as well as a long-term process of active tectonic movement in the area; the subsidence was not caused by downthrow of the earth's crust during the shock. Topographical changes in the area, traced from historical maps, suggest that subsidence is continuing, but a survey of the long-term seismicity of Hainan Island indicates that it is not an area of exceptional seismic risk.     

Measurement of dry deposition of ammonia on a forest

Ammonia concentration gradients above a Douglas fir canopy were measured from 16 August to 31 December 1989 by two automated high-precision thermodenuders at the location Speulderbos in The Netherlands. Concentration gradients were used to calculate the dry deposition flux of ammonia via flux-gradient theory. Meteorological data were obtained from a nearby tower. Ammonia concentrations were highly variable with highest values during the night. Concentration gradients were very small during daytime and quite large at night. Median values of the calculated deposition flux and deposition velocity were 0.1 microg m(-2) s(-1) and 3.2 cm s(-1) respectively (N=1624).