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1.
Makwana Dhruv Bellani Jayesh Verma Harsh Kumar Khatri Dhrumil Shah Manan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(28):37110-37119
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nanotechnology has opened up a plethora of opportunities and has acquired extreme importance in a myriad of fields to produce enhanced materials.... 相似文献
2.
Atul C. Sheth Bratendu Bagchi 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):619-628
Abstract The production of broiler chickens has become one of the largest sectors in U.S. agriculture, and the growing demand for poultry has led to an annual production growth rate of 5%. With increased demand for poultry, litter management has become a major challenge in the agriculture industry. Although the catalytic steam gasification has been accepted as a possible and feasible method for litter management, concern has been expressed about the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus containing species in the fuel gas and/or in the final solid residue. The possible release of phosphorus as phosphine gas in the fuel gas can have an adverse impact on the environment. Similarly, possible release of ammonia from the nitrogen containing species is also not acceptable. Hence, under partial U.S. Department of Agriculture support, a study was conducted to examine the fate and the environmental impact of the nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing species released during catalytic steam gasification of poultry litter. From various preliminary tests, it was concluded that most (~100%) of the phosphorus would remain in the residue, and some (20–70%) of the nitrogen would end up as ammonia in the fuel gas. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, and type of catalyst on ammonia liberation were studied in a muffled furnace setup at atmospheric pressure. The fraction of nitrogen released as ammonia was found to decrease with an increase in temperature during pyrolysis and steam gasification. It also decreased with an increase in catalyst loading. 相似文献
3.
A. C. Sheth J. Li D. G. Rasnake 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1466-1472
The interactions between potassium and sulfur-containing species are unique, yet important, phenomena for a coal-fired magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system. An in-depth understanding of such phenomena will help in the future design of MHD systems. This paper deals with the modeling of potassium and sulfur interactions in DOE's Coal-Fired Flow Facility (CFFF), located in Tullahoma, Tennessee. 相似文献
4.
The production of broiler chickens has become one of the largest sectors in U.S. agriculture, and the growing demand for poultry has led to an annual production growth rate of 5%. With increased demand for poultry, litter management has become a major challenge in the agriculture industry. Although the catalytic steam gasification has been accepted as a possible and feasible method for litter management, concern has been expressed about the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus containing species in the fuel gas and/or in the final solid residue. The possible release of phosphorus as phosphine gas in the fuel gas can have an adverse impact on the environment. Similarly, possible release of ammonia from the nitrogen containing species is also not acceptable. Hence, under partial U.S. Department of Agriculture support, a study was conducted to examine the fate and the environmental impact of the nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing species released during catalytic steam gasification of poultry litter. From various preliminary tests, it was concluded that most (approximately 100%) of the phosphorus would remain in the residue, and some (20-70%) of the nitrogen would end up as ammonia in the fuel gas. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, and type of catalyst on ammonia liberation were studied in a muffled furnace setup at atmospheric pressure. The fraction of nitrogen released as ammonia was found to decrease with an increase in temperature during pyrolysis and steam gasification. It also decreased with an increase in catalyst loading. 相似文献
5.
Sheth AC Sastry C Yeboah YD Xu Y Agarwal P 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(4):451-460
Catalyst recovery studies were conducted for gasified chars produced from steam gasification of Illinois #6 coal catalyzed with two different catalyst systems. A ternary (43.5 mol% Li2CO3-31.5 mol% Na2COr-25 mol% K2CO3) and a binary (29 mol% Na2CO3-71 mol% K2CO3) eutectic catalyst system were used for gasifying coal. Various extraction schemes, such as water extraction, H2SO4 extraction, and acetic acid extraction, were evaluated with respect to their extraction efficiencies. Effects of major process variables, such as solvent-to-char ratio, mixing time, temperature, and concentration, on the extraction efficiency were evaluated. A process schematic for the entire catalyst recovery, regeneration, and recycle scheme was developed and the preliminary process economics were determined based on these extraction schemes. H2SO4 extraction was found to be the most desirable. It also turned out to be more attractive than a once-through throwaway system. 相似文献
6.
Several environmental issues are related to the disposal of poultry litter. In an effort to provide a more environmentally friendly alternative than landfill disposal or spreading as a soil amendment, work has been carried out previously at the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI). This past UTSI work was concentrated on developing a catalytic steam gasification concept to produce energy from poultry litter. In the past UTSI studies, preliminary design and economics for a stationary, centralized gasification plant capable of processing approximately 100 ton/day of poultry litter were developed. However, in this preliminary design the economic impact of transporting litter to a centralized gasification plant location was not addressed. To determine the preliminary impact of transporting the poultry litter on the overall economics of this energy conversion plant design, a simple transportation model was developed. This model was used in conjunction with the earlier plant design prepared at UTSI to determine the economic feasibility of a centralized, stationary poultry litter gasification plant. To do so, major variables such as traveling distance, plant feed rate (or capacity), fluctuations in the sales price of the product gas (that means value of the energy), population density of poultry farms, impact of tipping fees, and cost of litter were varied. The study showed that for plant with a capacity of 1000 ton/day to be able to withstand several changes in economic conditions and sustain itself, the poultry farm density would need to be approximately 0.3 houses/mi2. Smaller plants would need either a higher energy price or some kind of subsidy to be economically feasible. 相似文献
7.
Atul C. Sheth Chandramouli Sastry Yaw D. Yeboah Yong Xu Pradeep Agarwal 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):451-460
Abstract Catalyst recovery studies were conducted for gasified chars produced from steam gasification of Illinois #6 coal catalyzed with two different catalyst systems. A ternary (43.5 mol% Li2 CO3 –31.5 mol% Na2 CO3 –25 mol% K2 CO3 ) and a binary (29 mol% Na2 CO3 –71 mol% K2 CO3 ) eutectic catalyst system were used for gasifying coal. Various extraction schemes, such as water extraction, H2 SO4 extraction, and acetic acid extraction, were evaluated with respect to their extraction efficiencies. Effects of major process variables, such as solvent-to-char ratio, mixing time, temperature, and concentration, on the extraction efficiency were evaluated. A process schematic for the entire catalyst recovery, regeneration, and recycle scheme was developed and the preliminary process economics were determined based on these extraction schemes. H2 SO4 extraction was found to be the most desirable. It also turned out to be more attractive than a once-through throwaway system. 相似文献
8.
9.
Thomas George S. Naseema Beevi George Xavier N. Pratheesh Kumar Jayesh George 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):5277-5284
The dissipation kinetics and method for estimation of residues of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin in cardamom were studied and developed. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation arrived for the compounds were 0.01 and 0.025 μg?g?1, respectively. Gas chromatographic response of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin residues was linear in the range of 0.01–0.50 μg?g?1 and the mean recovery obtained was 97.3 % for chlorpyrifos and 98.9 % for lambda-cyhalothrin with satisfactory relative standard deviation values. The mean initial residues of chlorpyrifos applied at a concentration of 0.05 % in cardamom was 2.5 μg?g?1 and the residue was 8.1 μg?g?1 after processing, with a processing factor of 3.24, while lambda-cyhalothrin when applied at 0.0025 % resulted in initial residues of 1.63 μg?g?1 that magnified to 4.86 μg?g?1 on curing, with a processing factor of 2.98. The half-life of chlorpyrifos was in the range of 5.1–5.24 days while that of lambda-cyhalothrin was in the range of 4.40–4.55 days. The processing factor arrived at in the above experiment lead to the conclusion that the residues of chlorpyrifos got magnified to 3.24–3.68 times and that of lambda-cyhalothrin got magnified to 2.98–3.46 times of initial residues, consequent to loss of weight due to dehydration during curing. 相似文献
10.
Atul C. Sheth David C. Modeste 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1532-1539
Abstract Vehicle gaseous emissions (NO, CO, CO2, and hydrocarbon [HC]) and driver’s particle exposures (particulate matter <1 μm [PM1], <2.5 μm [PM2.5], and<10 μm [PM10]) were measured using a mobile laboratory to follow a wide variety of vehicles during very heavy traffic congestion in Macao, Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China, an urban area having one of the highest population densities in the world. The measurements were taken with high time resolution so that fluctuations in the emissions can be seen readily during vehicle acceleration, cruising, deceleration, and idling. The tests were conducted in close proximity to the vehicles, with the inlet of a five-gas analyzer mounted on the front bumper of the mobile laboratory, and the distance between the vehicles was usually within several meters. To measure the driver’s particle exposures, the inlets of the particle analyzers were mounted at the height of the driver’s breathing position in the mobile laboratory, with the driver’s window open. A total of 178 and 113 vehicles were followed individually to determine the gaseous emission factor and the driver’s particle exposures, respectively, for motorcycle, passenger car, taxi, truck, and bus. The gaseous emission factors were used to model the roadside air quality, and good correlations between the modeled and monitored CO, NO2, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) verified the reliability of the experiments. Compared with petrol passenger cars and petrol trucks, diesel taxies and diesel trucks emitted less CO but more NOx. The impact of urban canyons is shown to cause a significant increase in the PM1 peak. The background concentrations contributed a significant amount of the driver’s particle exposures. 相似文献