Cr(Ⅵ)踪迹指标现场测定用于铬污染地下水源解析

根据研究区地下水样品测试结果,该文选定与Cr(Ⅵ)极强相关,且物理化学性质较稳定的钠离子作为研究地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)迁移规律的踪迹指标,并采用钠离子复合电极建立了踪迹指标现场检测方法。实验结果表明,钠离子浓度在5～500 mg/L线性范围内的电极响应斜率为-61.09 mV/pNa(103%),方法检出限为0.69 mg/L,加标回收率为92.8%～103.4%,现场测试结果与实验室测试结果一致。该研究根据踪迹指标钠离子与污染物现场检测数据,构建了钠离子与Cr(Ⅵ)浓度比值的对数函数,并有效识别出主污染源、次级污染源、污染物迁移主路径、潜在污染区、潜在影响区及背景区,为铬渣类污染场地土壤和地下水环境风险评价及污染修复提供了技术支撑和参考依据。     

膜过滤-气相色谱法测定涂料中的苯系物、环己酮和甲苯二异氰酸酯

采用膜过滤-气相色谱法测定涂料中的苯系物、环己酮和甲苯二异氰酸酯（TD I）。用7种规格的石英毛细管色谱柱对混合标准溶液和涂料试样进行了分析实验,实验结果表明,不同属性的涂料试样添加固定量的正十四烷作内标物,经膜过滤净化后,苯系物、环己酮和TD I可采用DB-1-3或DB-1-2色谱柱同时分离并测定。测试数据经多级校准曲线处理后涂料试样中苯系物、环己酮和TD I的加标回收率为98.6%～101.8%,各组分分析结果的变异系数均小于2.0%,检出限均小于1.50×10^-5g。     

湖滨带氧化还原环境的时空变化及其环境效应

在太湖梅梁湾,沿开阔水体至湖滨带方向,对植被型湖滨带(A区)、裸露型湖滨带(B区)和开阔水体(D区)水体中DO和水/沉积物Eh进行为期1a的现场观测.结果发现,梅梁湾水体DO时空变化明显.B区和D区水体中DO常年饱和,而A区DO浓度较低(年均(5.5±1.7)mg·L-1).在植物生长季,从开阔水体至湖滨植被区溶解氧浓度从12.7 mg·L-1降到4.5 mg·L-1;在非植物生长季则从9.7 mg·L-1降到6.2mg·L-1.湖滨带水体Eh在150 mV左右波动,空间变化趋势与溶解氧变化同步.沉积物Eh也表现出明显的时空变化,在植物生长季,各区沉积物均处于较强的还原状态(-158～-101 mV);而在非植物生长季,由开阔水体向植被型湖滨带Eh逐渐升高.在沉积物的垂直剖面上,开阔水体Eh自表层沉积物向下逐渐降低,而在A区的植被覆盖区则是先降低,大概在5 cm深处开始逐渐升高,于20 cm深左右达到峰值.根据上述植被型湖滨带氧化还原环境的特点,可以推知进行湖滨带生态修复,有利于去除湖泊氮污染.     

腐熟蓝藻与厌氧污泥混合厌氧发酵特性

采用批次小试实验对不同腐熟程度的蓝藻进行厌氧发酵产沼气实验研究。结果表明,新鲜蓝藻在30-35℃时腐熟7 d后,可在35℃的厌氧温度下获得最高的产气速率和246 mL/g COD的产气量,产气潜力为354 mL/g（VS）。厌氧反应15 d后,累计产气量、COD和VFA浓度趋于稳定。淀粉酶和脱氢酶的活性在厌氧反应初期受到抑制,蛋白酶活性和辅酶F420浓度在厌氧系统中逐渐增加,分别在第6天达到27.66μmol/（g VS·min）和第15天达到0.62μmol/g（VS）。15-18d是腐熟蓝藻适宜的中温厌氧发酵时间,少于以新鲜蓝藻为基质的厌氧消化时间。蓝藻腐熟过程促进了厌氧反应,腐熟7 d的蓝藻厌氧系统具有更高的微生物活性和产甲烷能力。     

Biofilm-overproducing Bacillus subtilis B12ΔYwcc decreases Cd uptake in Chinese cabbage through increasing Cd-immobilizing related gene abundance and root surface colonization

Biofilm-producing bacteria can decrease Cd uptake in vegetables, but mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly characterized. In this study, two mutant strains B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR were constructed from a biofilm-producing Bacillus subtilis strain B12. Then, the impacts of strain B12 and its high biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc and low biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔSlrR on Cd availability and uptake in Chinese cabbage and the related mechanisms were investigated in the Cd-polluted soil. Strain B12 and its mutants B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR increased the dry biomasses of edible tissues by 54%–130% compared with the controls. Strain B12 and its mutant B12ΔYwcc reduced the soil available Cd content by 36%–50% and root and edible tissue Cd contents by 23%–50% compared with the controls. Furthermore, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc reduced the edible tissue Cd content by 40% and increased the polysaccharide content by 23%, invertase activity by 139%, and gene copies of the cumA by 4.5-fold, epsA by 7.1-fold, and cadA by 4.3-fold, which were involved in Cd adsorption in the rhizosphere soils, respectively, compared with strain B12. The polysaccharide content and cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copy numbers showed significantly reverse correlations with the available Cd content. Notably, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc showed better ability to colonize the vegetable root surface than strain B12. These findings demonstrated that the biofilm-overproducing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc increased the polysaccharide production and Cd-immobilizing related cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copies, resulting in lower Cd availability and accumulation in Chinese cabbage in the Cd-polluted soil.     

Photodegradation mechanism of deltamethrin and fenvalerate

To understand the degradation and environmental fate of pyrethroids, the process of their photodegradation under simulated natural conditions was investigated. The results showed that the degradation process follows first-order kinetics. The degradation intermediates were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A plausible mechanism was discussed to explain the process. Several influences on degradation process were investigated and reported such as the e ects of initial concentration of pyrethroids, total time of light irradiation, solvents, and light source, as well as the e ect of a few substances that exist in the environment. This study could be a good reference for the degradation of pyrethroids in practical circumstances.     

An integrated method for the rapid dewatering and solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediment with a high water content

• An integrated method, called PHDVPSS, was proposed for treating DCS. • The PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to conventional method. • Using the method, water content (%) of DCS decreased from 300 to<150 in 3 days. • The 56-day UCS from this method is 12‒17 times higher than conventional method. • Relative to PC, GGBS-MgO binder yielded greater reduction in the leachability. To more efficiently treat the dredged contaminated sediment (DCS) with a high water content, this study proposes an integrated method (called PHDVPSS) that uses the solidifying/stabilizing (S/S) agents and prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP). Using this method, dewatering and solidification/stabilization can be carried out simultaneously such that the treatment time can be significantly shortened and the treatment efficacy can be significantly improved. A series of model tests was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results indicated that the proposed PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to the conventional S/S method that uses Portland cement (PC) directly without prior dewatering. The 56-day unconfined compressive strength of DCS treated by the proposed method with GGBS-MgO as the binder is 12‒17 times higher than that by the conventional S/S method. DCS treated by the PHDVPSS method exhibited continuous decrease in leaching concentration of Zn with increasing curing age. The reduction of Zn leachability is more obvious when using GGBS-MgO as the binder than when using PC, because GGBS-MgO increased the residual fraction and decreased the acid soluble fraction of Zn. The microstructure analysis reveals the formation of hydrotalcite in GGBS-MgO binder, which resulted in higher mechanical strength and higher Zn stabilization efficiency.     

不同水生植物配置对河涌污水的净化效果

研究不同配置的挺水植物组合对河涌污水污染物的净化效果,为在河涌污水治理上构建有效的人工湿地植物处理系统提供依据。选择10种净化能力较强的挺水植物,组成6种不同配置的挺水植物组合,采用无土栽培的方式模拟人工湿地的环境进行静态培养试验,测定出不同水生植物组合及在不同污水的停留时间（HRT）下对河涌污水污染物的去除率。6种不同配置的水生植物组合在HRT为5 d时对NH4＋-N、TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5的去除率（平均去除率分别为98.2%、81.2%、91.3%、71.8%、79.4%）均较高;以组合1：香根草Vetiveria zizanioides＋风车草Cyperus alternifolius＋美人蕉Canna indica＋菖蒲Acorus calamus＋再力花Thalia dealbata的处理效果为最佳。不同水生植物系统对污水的净化效率取决于HRT,当HRT从1～5 d时,NH4＋-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅均逐渐增加,当HRT从5～7 d时,NH4＋-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅却均迅速下降;说明3种不同配置的水生植物系统对河涌污水NH4＋-N、TN、TP的净化效率均以HRT为5 d时最高。     

污水行业除臭技术及其应用

近年来,随着全国各地排水设施的建设和发展,在污水收集,转输,处理过程中,恶臭气体大量产生,影响环境,引起越来越多的水务工作者关注.结合工程实例,文章就污水行业恶臭气体的产生,成份,抑制、控制及治理措施进行论述.     

炼焦煤尾煤催化热解制取富氢燃料气

以炼焦煤原煤、尾煤为研究对象,采用微量热重、常量固定床实验装置对其在热解过程中的质量变化和气相产物进行了对比分析。考察了温度、6种催化剂（CaO、MgO、Fe、Ni、NaOH、A1）及其添加比例对炼焦煤尾煤热解制取富氢燃料气的影响。结果表明,尾煤中富集的无机矿物质对热解制取富氢燃料气有促进作用,单位尾煤热解H2产率要比原煤高出1．93％。温度是影响尾煤热解产气的重要参数,热解终温的上升有利于H2产量的提高,随终温800℃升高到950℃H,产量增长了32．59mL／g。在催化热解实验中,除Al和MgO对尾煤热解有抑制作用外,CaO、Fe、Ni及NaOH均对尾煤热解产H2有促进作用,以CaO和Fe效果最为明显。并且不同添加比例的CaO和Fe对热解制取富氢燃料有一定的影响。