洪涝灾害条件下疏散交通生成预测方法

为有助于有关部门更准确预测洪涝灾害受灾民众的疏散量,结合非集计数据和集计数据的优点,提出分区集计数据的概念,设计了受灾区域分区方法,并通过意向偏好(SP)调查法对我国居民在洪涝条件下疏散交通需求数据进行调查。在此基础上,引入BP神经网络建立基于分区集计数据的疏散交通生成预测模型。利用调查数据进行实证分析发现,所设计方法取得了较好的预测效果,鲁棒性较好,平均相对预测误差仅为1.8%,其预测效果明显优于现有的非集计和整集计模型。     

分层开采工艺对地表沉降的影响研究

分层开采是厚煤开采的经典工艺,这种工艺对地表沉降的影响比较复杂。通过测试原岩物理力学参数,利用有限元软件flac3D对分层和一次采全高时地表沉降进行了数值模拟。结果表明,如果采高较小,砌体梁距煤层较近,且采完上分层后长时间停采,给顶板再生留足时间,分层开采较一次采全高对地表沉降影响要小。     

Dynamics and Causation of Environmental Equity, Locally Unwanted Land Uses, and Neighborhood Changes

/ Why are some environmental risks distributed disproportionately in the neighborhoods of the minorities and the poor? A hypothesis was proposed in a recent study that market dynamics contributed to the current environmental inequity. That is, locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) make the host communities home to more poor people and people of color. This hypothesis was allegedly supported by a Houston case study, whereby its author analyzed the postsiting changes of the socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhoods surrounding solid waste facilities. I argue that such an analysis of postsiting changes alone is insufficient to test the causation hypothesis. Instead, I propose a conceptual framework for analysis of environmental equity dynamics and causation. I suggest that the presiting neighborhood dynamics and the characteristics of control neighborhoods be analyzed as the first test for the causation hypothesis. Furthermore, I present theories of neighborhood change and then examine alternative hypotheses that these theories offer for explaining neighborhood changes and for the roles of LULUs in neighborhood changes. These alternative hypotheses should be examined when analyzing the relationship between LULUs and neighborhood changes in a metropolitan area. Using this framework of analysis, I revisited the Houston case. First, I found no evidence that provided support for the hypothesis that the presence of LULUs made the neighborhoods home to more blacks and poor people, contrary to the conclusion made by the previous study. Second, I examined alternative hypotheses for explaining neighborhood changes-invasion-succession, other push forces, and neighborhood life-cycle; the former two might offer better explanation.KEY WORDS: Environmental equity and justice; Locally unwanted lane uses; Siting; Market dynamics; Invasion-succession; Neighborhood changes     

偏二甲肼燃料库危险性评价方法探讨

从物质危险性、工艺危险性入手,评价偏二甲肼燃料库重大事故可能发生的原因、条件及其危险性等级,通过此评价对航天领域易燃、易爆、有毒危险源的危险性评价方法进行了探讨.     

碘化阶层孔氧化硅纳米球对水中典型有机氯污染物的吸附性能研究

采用共缩聚法,成功地原位合成了碘改性的阶层多孔氧化硅纳米球（SiO₂-I）,研究了其基于卤键作用对典型有机氯污染物六六六的吸附性能,并考察了改性剂I-硅烷含量和pH值对吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明,该纳米材料对六六六表现出优异的吸附富集性能,吸附速率快,60 min内对六六六的去除率为71.6%,240 min内达到吸附平衡,去除率可达98.3%,最大吸附量为178.6 mg·g^-1;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型;碘物种的加入提高了阶层多孔氧化硅的吸附速率和吸附效率.另外,为了便于纳米吸附材料的分离,本研究对SiO₂-I纳米球进行了磁性化.研究发现,磁性化修饰后,SiO₂-I纳米材料仍然保留对六六六优异的吸附富集性能,240 min时的吸附去除率达90.3%.     

砷、汞对植物毒性影响及其迁移富集效应探讨

介绍了自然环境中砷、汞的污染来源与污染现状,探讨了砷、汞对植物生长发育、光合作用和抗氧化能力的影响;为了缓解砷、汞对植物的毒害作用,可以添加新一代植物激素、营养元素和改良剂。分析发现,植物对不同浓度砷和汞的敏感程度并不相同,可利用特定植物的富集作用进行环境修复。当前研究主要集中于植物对砷、汞的吸收和转运生理机制,今后还需要加强对超积累植物分子基础的探索。     

FY-3C/VIRR数据中国周边海域区域SST反演算法开发

已有的验证结果显示风云三号C星（Fengyun-3C,FY-3C）搭载的可见光红外辐射仪（visible and infrared radiometer,VIRR）反演的业务化海洋表面温度（sea surface temperature,SST）产品存在较大偏差。根据FY-3C/VIRR的热红外通道设置,分别选择非线性SST算法（non-linear SST,NLSST）和三通道非线性算法（triple window NLSST,TNLSST）开发适用于中国周边海域的白天和夜间区域SST反演算法。通过对卫星热红外波段的亮温和现场数据进行晴空海洋匹配样本数据构建,利用回归拟合方法获得NLSST和TNLSST的算法系数。采用独立样本数据对区域算法进行验证,白天数据的偏差和标准差分别为0.082 ℃和0.633 ℃,夜间为?0.007 ℃和0.557 ℃。以OISST（optimum interpolation SST）为参考值,将区域算法反演的SST与国家卫星气象中心的业务产品进行对比,结果显示区域算法将白天SST的偏差和标准偏差从0.047 ℃和0.743 ℃减小到0.031 ℃和0.641 ℃,夜间从0.184 ℃和0.708 ℃减小到0.034 ℃和0.556 ℃。     

市级生态保护红线生态补偿框架初探——以济南市为例

生态补偿对于协调经济发展和环境保护具有重要意义,不同层次的生态补偿都急需探索。其中市级生态补偿因为具有"利益相关者明确、涉及范围小、行政管理方便"等优点,更容易优先推进。文章以济南市为研究案例,探索分析了市级生态保护红线生态补偿的利益相关者和资金框架结构,确定了各区县间生态保护红线的生态补偿分配比例,为其他城市乃至省级生态保护红线的生态补偿提供借鉴。