Material suppliers and industrial metabolism

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is not sufficiently tailored to the analysis of strategic environmental problems of material suppliers. Sustainable development calls for a reduction by a factor of 10 to 20 in the material intensity of the economy, a situation which leads to dramatic shifts in markets for raw materials. Furthermore, a material supplier might have major improvement options in the material’s numerous downstream uses. LCAs, however, can’t cover these two aspects. An adapted form of Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) may be an answer. This approach defines a system in relation to the flow of a specific material through society. All environmental interventions related to the material are inventoried. An emission evaluation indicates the dominant environmental bottlenecks, given the current market volume of each application of the material. This helps to identify improvement options and strategic choices in market portfolios. Scenario analysis on potential measures can further indicate changes of material flows — and thus markets — in the system. The approach is illustrated with a case study on chlorine.     

造纸行业的清洁生产示范

文章概述了我国造纸行业清洁生产示范项目审计的成果，从环境、经济及清洁生产方案类型等角度对企业推行清洁生产进行了初步分析，提出了存在的主要问题，并就进一步推动造纸行业的清洁生产提出了建议。     

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality,China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

企业职业伤害严重度系数研究

在对不同企业之间的职业伤害风险进行量化和比较时，不同程度职业伤害的统一量化是关键难题。本文使用损失工作日的方法，通过对调研所得有效数据的统计学分析，计算得出企业职业伤害的重伤严重度系数α和轻伤严重度系数β的值，α和β值与国外相关研究结果有较好的可比性。本文所得到的α和β值是对不同企业职业伤害风险量化计算和比较的重要基础。     

凝析油储罐运行中的安全问题及改进

据国际国内关于油品储罐的事故统计和分析，拱顶储油罐的事故率最高，可见该类型储罐风险大，由于影响储罐安全运行的因素很多，任何一个环节出问题，都可能引发重大事故。本文就凝析油罐运行6年来，从储罐腐蚀、浮盘质量及安全环保方面所发现和整改的实际情况，在设计和施工中遗留的问题进行深入分析，提出改进措施，为类似的储罐设计施工及管理提供参考。     

青岛海洋环境碳纤维复合材料与低合金钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的 探究碳纤维复合材料在舰船应用时与金属材料的电偶腐蚀问题。方法 针对一种典型舰船用碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料,在青岛海洋大气环境下开展0.5、1、1.5、2 a期的自然曝晒试验,进而采用电化学分析手段考察其与低合金钢的电偶腐蚀效应,结合老化机制探究碳纤维复合材料的老化行为对其与钢电偶腐蚀的影响。结果及结论 在青岛大气环境曝晒不同周期的复合材料试样,开路电位与低合金钢相差较大,存在较高的电偶腐蚀倾向。随曝晒时间的延长,复合材料表面微裂纹不断产生、扩展,导致电化学反应活性点增多,两者电偶电流密度随之增大。在青岛海洋大气环境下暴露2 a后,碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料与低合金钢的电偶电流为0.356 9 μA/cm²,两者的电偶腐蚀敏感性达到B级。     

造纸废水灌溉对红柳体内钠离子含量的影响

文章通过实验研究,测定分析了造纸废水灌溉对红柳体内钠离子含量的影响。不同年限以及不同生长部位的进行研究,结果显示:在造纸废水灌溉条件下,红柳体内相同生长部位的钠离子含量均随着灌溉年限的增加逐渐增大,并且与土壤中钠离子含量呈显著正相关;红柳叶片中钠离子含量明显高于根系中钠离子含量,说明盐碱胁迫下红柳叶片耐钠性大于根系耐钠性,红柳叶是钠离子累积和外排的主要部位。     

钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-七氯联苯的催化脱氯研究

采用Fe0还原、钯催化法对土壤中2,2',3,4,4',5,5,-七氯联苯的的还原特性进行了实验研究.结果表明, Pd/Fe双金属能有效地进行2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯的催化脱氯.在钯化率为0.05%、钯/铁加入量1g、初始pH为5.6、反应时间5d的条件下,钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯去除率达54%.实验还考察了钯化率、初始pH、反应时间、钯/铁投加量、2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯初始浓度等参数对2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯脱氯效果的影响.研究表明,较高的钯化率、钯/铁加入量,较低的2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯初始浓度及弱酸性等条件更有利于Pd/Fe对2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯的还原脱氯.在Pd/Fe双金属表面,2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯的脱氯符合一级动力学反应,反应速率常数为0.0142/h,其半衰期为49h.利用实验数据,对钯/铁双金属作用下的2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯还原脱氯的反应机制也进行了分析.     

沈阳地区臭氧污染日时空变化特征及天气分型研究

利用2013-2019年沈阳地区11个国控监测站近地层臭氧(O3)浓度监测数据和地面气象观测资料,分析了沈阳地区O3污染日的O3浓度时空分布规律,并对造成O3污染日的天气系统进行了主观分型.结果表明:自2013年以来,以O3为首要污染物的天数逐年增加,2017年达到研究期内的最高值,但2018-2019年略有下降.O3...     

国内外饮用水水质标准的综合评价

在参考国内外饮用水水质标准的基础上,建立了饮用水水质综合评价体系,通过专家咨询法获得判断矩阵,利用层次分析法计算各水质指标的权重,结合国内外饮用水水质标准的指标进行层次总排序,根据总排序结果对国内外饮用水水质标准的特点进行了综合评价。