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1.
Combining differential conditioning with optophysiological recordings of bee brain activity allows the investigation of learning-related changes in complex neural systems. In this study we focused on the mushroom bodies of the bee brain. Presenting different odors to the animal leads to significant activation of the mushroom body lips. After differential conditioning, the rewarded odor leads to stronger activation than it did before training. Activation by the unrewarded odor remains unchanged. These results resemble findings in the bee's antennal lobes, which are the first olfactory relay station in the insect brain. As an integrative neural network, enhanced activation of the mushroom body lip may carry additional information, i.e., for processing odor concentrations. 相似文献
2.
Knowledge of pesticide distribution and persistence in nursery recycling pond water and sediment is critical for preventing phytotoxicity of pesticides during water reuse and to assess their impacts to the environment. In this study, sorption and degradation of four commonly used pesticides (diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and pendimethalin) in sediments from two nursery recycling ponds was investigated. Results showed that diazinon and chlorothalonil were moderately sorbed [K(OC) (soil organic carbon distribution coefficient) from 732 to 2.45 x 10(3) mL g(-1)] to the sediments, and their sorption was mainly attributable to organic matter content, whereas chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin were strongly sorbed (K(OC) > or = 7.43 x 10(3) mL g(-1)) to the sediments, and their sorption was related to both organic matter content and sediment texture. The persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos was moderate under aerobic conditions (half-lives = 8 to 32 d), and increased under anaerobic conditions (half-lives = 12 to 53 d). In contrast, chlorothalonil and pendimethalin were quickly degraded under aerobic conditions with half-lives < 2.8 d, and their degradation was further enhanced under anaerobic conditions (half-lives < 1.9 d). The strong sorption of chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin by the sediments suggests that the practice of recycling nursery runoff would effectively retain these compounds in the recycling pond, minimizing their offsite movement. The prolonged persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, however, implies that incidental spills, such as overflows caused by storm events, may contribute significant loads of such pesticides into downstream surface water bodies. 相似文献
3.
Steffi Mayer Philipp Klaritsch Scott Petersen Elisa Done Inga Sandaite Holger Till Filip Claus Jan A. Deprest 《黑龙江环境通报》2011,31(11):1086-1096
4.
J. Besseau-Ayasse C. Violle-Poirsier A. Bazin N. Gruchy A. Moncla F. Girard M. Till F. Mugneret A. Coussement F. Pelluard M. Jimenez P. Vago M. F. Portnoï C. Dupont C. Beneteau F. Amblard M. Valduga J. L. Bresson F. Carré-Pigeon N. Le Meur S. Tapia C. Yardin A. Receveur J. Lespinasse E. Pipiras M. P. Beaujard P. Teboul S. Brisset M. Catty E. Nowak N. Douet Guilbert H. Lallaoui S. Bouquillon V. Gatinois G. Joly-Helas F. Prieur F. Cartault D. Martin P. Kleinfinger D. Molina Gomes M. Doco-Fenzy F. Vialard 《黑龙江环境通报》2014,34(5):424-430
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Till Bachmann 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(5):288
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
9.
Complex national sampling design for long-term monitoring of protected dry grasslands in Switzerland
We describe a probabilistic sampling design of circular permanent plots for the long-term monitoring of protected dry grasslands in Switzerland. The population under study is defined by the perimeter of a national inventory. The monitoring focus is on the species composition of the protected grassland vegetation and derived conservation values. Efficient trend estimations are required for the whole country and for some predefined target groups (six biogeographical regions and eleven vegetation types). The target groups are equally important regardless of their size. Consequently, intensified sampling of the less frequent groups is essential for sample efficiency. The prior information needed to draw a targeted sample is obtained from the sampling frame and external databases. The logistics and generalized delineation of the target population may pose further problems. Thus, investments in fieldwork and travel time should be well balanced by selecting a cluster sample. Second, any access problems in the field and non-target units in the sample should be compensated for by selecting reserve plots as they otherwise may considerably reduce the effective sample size. Finally, the design has to be flexible as the sampling frame may change over time and sampling intensity might have to be adjusted to redefined budgets or requirements. Likewise, the variables and biological items of interest may change. To fulfil all these constraints and to optimally use the available prior information, we propose a multi-stage self-weighted unequal probability sampling design. The design uses modern techniques such as: balanced sampling, spreading, stratified balancing, calibration, unequal probability sampling and power allocation. This sampling design meets the numerous requirements of this study and provides a very efficient estimator. 相似文献
10.
Rood AS Voillequé PG Rope SK Grogan HA Till JE 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(8):1258-1278
Radionuclide concentrations in air from uranium milling emissions were estimated for the town of Uravan, Colorado, USA and the surrounding area for a 49-yr period of mill operations beginning in 1936 and ending in 1984. Milling processes with the potential to emit radionuclides to the air included crushing and grinding of ores; conveyance of ore; ore roasting, drying, and packaging of the product (U(3)O(8)); and fugitive dust releases from ore piles, tailings' piles, and roads. The town of Uravan is located in a narrow canyon formed by the San Miguel River in western Colorado. Atmospheric transport modeling required a complex terrain model. Because historical meteorological data necessary for a complex terrain model were lacking, meteorological instruments were installed, and relevant data were collected for 1 yr. Monthly average dispersion and deposition factors were calculated using the complex terrain model, CALPUFF. Radionuclide concentrations in air and deposition on ground were calculated by multiplying the estimated source-specific release rate by the dispersion or deposition factor. Time-dependent resuspension was also included in the model. Predicted concentrations in air and soil were compared to measurements from continuous air samplers from 1979 to 1986 and to soil profile sampling performed in 2006. The geometric mean predicted-to-observed ratio for annual average air concentrations was 1.25 with a geometric standard deviation of 1.8. Predicted-to-observed ratios for uranium concentrations in undisturbed soil ranged from 0.67 to 1.22. Average air concentrations from 1936 to 1984 in housing blocks ranged from about 2.5 to 6 mBq m(-3) for (238)U and 1.5 to 3.5 mBq m(-3) for (230)Th, (226)Ra, and (210)Pb. 相似文献