The effect of copper speciation on the formation of chlorinated aromatics on real municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

A limited amount of information exists regarding the relationship between the chemical form of copper and the formation of chlorinated aromatics in fly ash. To understand the effects of the various forms of copper on the formation of chlorinated aromatics in real fly ash, we determined the chemical forms of copper present in various types of real fly ash using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and evaluated the relationship between the chemical forms of copper and the formation of chlorinated aromatics. Copper chloride hydroxide (CuCl2 x 3Cu(OH)2) and cuprous chloride (CuCl) were the predominant copper species found in real fly ash. Although pure cupric chloride (CuCl2) is known to be the most active catalyst for the formation of chlorinated aromatics under experimental conditions with synthetic fly ash, CuCl2 was not found in every real fly ash sample. The amount of copper chloride hydroxide was positively correlated with the formation of chlorinated aromatics in real fly ash and is, consequently, considered to be one of the key species involved in the formation of chlorinated aromatics.     

Applicability of CDM to civil engineering projects case study on reduction of CO2 emission by port extension

This paper investigates the applicability of CDM to civil engineering projects through a case study on the project to extend Port Samainda in Indonesia. The goal of this project is to improve the physical distribution system of the port so that it can accommodate increasing future demand for the cargo transportation. Based on the project report by JICA (2002), we first outline the predicted demand for the cargo transportation and select possible three options in which a cargo vessel with different capabilities and respective port facilities are assigned. For each option, CO₂ emissions from both cargo and dredging vessels are predicted and compared. It is found that the total CO₂ emission may be reduced significantly by introducing a large-draft vessel and deep navigation channels. This feature becomes more prominent if a traveling distance of the cargo vessels is long enough so that CO₂ emissions from cargo vessels dominates those of dredging vessels. This observation supports the applicability of CDM to civil engineering projects because reduction of the CO₂emission is attained by improving distribution systems through civil engineering works such as extension of the port and the maintenance dredging. Finally, we discuss future problems to be investigated for the practical application of CDM to a civil engineering project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.