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Tom Finch Simon Gillings Rhys E. Green Dario Massimino Will J. Peach Andrew Balmford 《Conservation biology》2019,33(5):1045-1055
Empirical evidence from many regions suggests that most species would be least negatively affected if human food demand were met through high-yield agricultural production and conservation of nonfarm ecosystems (land sparing), rather than through wildlife-friendly farming over a larger area (land sharing). However, repeated glaciation and a long history of agriculture may lead to different results in regions such as western Europe. We compared the consequences of land sparing and land sharing on breeding bird species in 2 lowland regions of England, The Fens, with 101 species, and Salisbury Plain, with 83. We derived density–yield responses for each species and then estimated regional population size under regional food production strategies, including land sharing and land sparing, a range of intermediate strategies, and a novel mixed strategy. In both regions, more species achieved maximum regional population size under land sparing than land sharing. In The Fens, the majority of birds were loser species (estimated to have smaller populations under all food production strategies than in the preagricultural baseline scenario), whereas in Salisbury Plain the majority were winners (smaller populations in the preagricultural baseline scenario). Loser species overwhelmingly achieved maximum regional population size under land sparing, whereas winner species achieved maximum regional population size under either land sharing or an intermediate strategy, highlighting the importance of defining which groups of species are the target of conservation. A novel 3-compartment strategy (combining high-yield farming, natural habitat, and low-yield farming) often performed better than either land sharing or land sparing. Our results support intermediate or 3-compartment land-sparing strategies to maximize bird populations across lowland agricultural landscapes. To deliver conservation outcomes, any shift toward land sparing must, however, ensure yield increases are sustainable in the long term, do not entail increased negative effects on surrounding areas, and are linked to allocation of land for nature. 相似文献
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Past mining activities in the county of Cornwall in the United Kingdom, has exposed the local environment to raised levels of As. Previous research has shown an increased concentration of As in crops grown in such areas and the subsequent take-up of As through the food chain may lead to an increased body burden in man. In an attempt to evaluate this, a pilot study was carried out using Particle Induced X-ray Emission to compare the hair As concentration of a group of Cornish residents to that of a control group consisting of residents in the counties of Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. The null hypothesis being that there is no significant difference between the hair As concentrations of the two groups.Each group comprised thirty six age and sex matched subjects. The mean hair As concentration for the Cornish group was 2.51 g g-1, which is significantly greater than that of 0.7 g g-1 found in the control group (p = 0.004). The World Health Organisation suggests a hair As value greater than 1 g g-1 as evidence of increased exposure to As and 5 g g-1 is quoted by the Canadian Government as evidence of significant ingestion of As. Twenty one Cornish subjects registered a value at or above 1 g As g-1 compared to nine in the control group (p = 0.0003). Five subjects in the Cornish group had values that exceed 5 g As g-1, compared to only two in the control group (p = 0.23). We use the results of this study as evidence to support our continued work in this area in order to evaluate possible health implications. 相似文献
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Michelle A. Peach Jonathan B. Cohen Jacqueline L. Frair Benjamin Zuckerberg Patrick Sullivan William F. Porter Corey Lang 《Conservation biology》2019,33(2):423-433
Establishing protected areas, where human activities and land cover changes are restricted, is among the most widely used strategies for biodiversity conservation. This practice is based on the assumption that protected areas buffer species from processes that drive extinction. However, protected areas can maintain biodiversity in the face of climate change and subsequent shifts in distributions have been questioned. We evaluated the degree to which protected areas influenced colonization and extinction patterns of 97 avian species over 20 years in the northeastern United States. We fitted single-visit dynamic occupancy models to data from Breeding Bird Atlases to quantify the magnitude of the effect of drivers of local colonization and extinction (e.g., climate, land cover, and amount of protected area) in heterogeneous landscapes that varied in the amount of area under protection. Colonization and extinction probabilities improved as the amount of protected area increased, but these effects were conditional on landscape context and species characteristics. In this forest-dominated region, benefits of additional land protection were greatest when both forest cover in a grid square and amount of protected area in neighboring grid squares were low. Effects did not vary with species’ migratory habit or conservation status. Increasing the amounts of land protection benefitted the range margins species but not the core range species. The greatest improvements in colonization and extinction rates accrued for forest birds relative to open-habitat or generalist species. Overall, protected areas stemmed extinction more than they promoted colonization. Our results indicate that land protection remains a viable conservation strategy despite changing habitat and climate, as protected areas both reduce the risk of local extinction and facilitate movement into new areas. Our findings suggest conservation in the face of climate change favors creation of new protected areas over enlarging existing ones as the optimal strategy to reduce extinction and provide stepping stones for the greatest number of species. 相似文献
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Michael P. Harris Doug Beare Reidar Toresen Leif Nøttestad Matthias Kloppmann Hendrik Dörner Kevin Peach Derek R. A. Rushton Judy Foster-Smith Sarah Wanless 《Marine Biology》2007,151(3):973-983
Since the early 2000s routine fish surveys have recorded increasing numbers of snake pipefish, Entelurus aequoreus, in the northeast Atlantic. Fishermen and divers have also commented on this increase and pipefish have started to appear
in the diet of seabirds and other marine predators. This paper collates information from these diverse sources and assesses
the current status of snake pipefish. We found compelling evidence of a dramatic increase in the abundance of snake pipefish
starting around 2003 and continuing up to the present (2006) and a range expansion northwards to Spitzbergen and the Barents
Sea. Since 2004 snake pipefish have been increasingly recorded in the diet of many species of seabird breeding in colonies
around the coast of the UK, and in Norway, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands. Information on the nutrient value of snake pipefish
is currently lacking but their rigid, bony structure makes them difficult for young seabirds to swallow and there are numerous
records of chicks choking to death. Thus, in the case of avian predators during the breeding season, it appears unlikely that
increased abundance of snake pipefish will provide a useful alternative prey. The reason for the rapid and dramatic increase
in numbers of snake pipefish is currently unclear but such events are characteristic of marine ecosystems and will almost
certainly have an effect on food web dynamics. 相似文献
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Institutional adaptive capacity and climate change response in the Congo Basin forests of Cameroon 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
H. Carolyn Peach Brown Johnson Ndi Nkem Denis J. Sonwa Youssoufa Bele 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(3):263-282
Climate change presents additional challenges to a diverse country like Cameroon that shares the Congo Basin rainforest. Not
only is the population vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, forest-dependent communities are also vulnerable
to changing environmental policy that may affect their access to forest resources. Using a qualitative approach to data collection
through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents, the perception of decision-makers within, and
the response of the institutions of the state, the private sector and civil society to the complex challenges of climate change
in the Congo Basin forest of Cameroon were analysed. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change
is high, a concrete institutional response is at a very early stage. Cameroon has low adaptive capacity that is further constrained
by weak linkages among government institutions nationally and between different levels of government and with communities.
Civil society institutions play a role in enhancing government capacity to respond, particularly in relation to new international
policies on climate change and forests. Adaptive capacity would be further enhanced by facilitating institutional linkages
and coordinating multilevel responses across all boundaries of government, private sector and civil society. A collaborative
capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build
long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in Cameroon. 相似文献
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H. Carolyn Peach Brown Barry Smit Olufunso A. Somorin Denis J. Sonwa Johnson Ndi Nkem 《Ambio》2014,43(6):759-769
Tropical forests are vulnerable to climate-change representing a risk for indigenous peoples and forest-dependent communities. Mechanisms to conserve the forest, such as REDD+, could assist in the mitigation of climate change, reduce vulnerability, and enable people to adapt. Ninety-eight interviews were conducted in three countries containing the Congo Basin forest, Cameroon, CAR, and DRC, to investigate perceptions of decision-makers within, and responses of the institutions of the state, private sector, and civil society to the challenges of climate change. Results indicate that while decision-makers’ awareness of climate change is high, direct institutional action is at an early stage. Adaptive capacity is currently low, but it could be enhanced with further development of institutional linkages and increased coordination of multilevel responses across all institutions and with local people. It is important to build networks with forest-dependent stakeholders at the local level, who can contribute knowledge that will build overall institutional adaptive capacity. 相似文献
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Institutions play an important role in the adaptive capacity of a system in responding to climate change. This review paper
characterizes the status of the collective institutional response (government, industry, First Nation, community, civil society)
to climate change in the forest sector of the Canadian province of Ontario, and highlights the presence and nature of inter-institutional
networks as part of the response. Based on a synthesis of the commonalities in the public administration and policy literature
on tackling wicked problems, and the resilience literature, inter-institutional networks, which foster exchange of different
types of knowledge, are an important aspect of enhancing the adaptive capacity of social–ecological systems such as the forest
sector. Based on a content analysis of publicly available documents and insights gained from representatives of government,
community members and non-governmental organizations, mitigation and adaptations strategies are described. At the provincial
level there have been some new innovations in inter-institutional networks, but expansion of the forest stakeholders involved
in such networks would further enhance adaptive capacity. In particular, it is important to network with First Nations and
other forest-dependent communities who have a heightened vulnerability to climate change. The presence of a collaborative
capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build
long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in the Ontario forest sector.
相似文献
H. Carolyn Peach BrownEmail: |
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