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Particulate and water-soluble agents were tested to determine their ability to affect the relationship between metal toxicity and the survival of Euchaeta japonica (Copepoda, Calanoida). Clay minerals and diatoms were two types of particles capable of affecting this relationship. Ascorbic acid, sewage effluent, and water extracts of humic acid and two types of soils exhibited the same capability. The ability of the water-soluble agents was compared with that of a known chelating agent in an attempt to quantify the activity of the agents. 相似文献
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Darren P. Croft Mathew Edenbrow Safi K. Darden Indar W. Ramnarine Cock van Oosterhout Joanne Cable 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(12):2219-2227
Understanding how individuals modify their social interactions in response to infectious disease is of central importance
for our comprehension of how disease dynamics operate in real-world populations. Whilst a significant amount of theoretical
work has modelled disease transmission using network models, we have comparatively little understanding of how infectious
disease impacts on the social behaviour of individuals and how these effects scale up to the level of the population. We experimentally
manipulated the parasite load of female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and introduced fish either infected with the ectoparasites Gyrodactylus spp. (experimental) or uninfected (control) into replicated semi-natural populations of eight size-matched female guppies.
We quantified the behaviour and social associations of both the introduced fish and the population fish. We found that infected
experimental fish spent less time associating with the population fish than the uninfected control fish. Using information
on which fish initiated shoal fission (splitting) events, our results demonstrate that the population fish actively avoided
infected experimental fish. We also found that the presence of an infected individual resulted in a continued decline in social
network clustering up to at least 24 h after the introduction of the infected fish, whereas in the control treatment, the
clustering coefficient showed an increase at this time point. These results demonstrate that the presence of a disease has
implications for both the social associations of infected individuals and for the social network structure of the population,
which we predict will have consequences for infectious disease transmission. 相似文献
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Feyten Laurence E. A. Demers Ebony E. E. M. Ramnarine Indar W. Chivers Douglas P. Ferrari Maud C. O. Brown Grant E. 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2019,73(5):1-9
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology - Behavioural diversity is a basic component of biodiversity, with implications in ecological interactions at the intra- and interspecific levels. The... 相似文献
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Darren P. Croft Jens Krause Safi K. Darden Indar W. Ramnarine Jolyon J. Faria Richard James 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1495-1503
The social fine structure of a population plays a central role in ecological and evolutionary processes. Whilst many studies
have investigated how morphological traits such as size affect social structure of populations, comparatively little is known
about the influence of behaviours such as boldness and shyness. Using information on social interactions in a wild population
of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), we construct a social network. For each individual in the network, we quantify its behavioural phenotype using two measures
of boldness, predator inspection tendency, a repeatable and reliably measured behaviour well studied in the context of co-operation,
and shoaling tendency. We observe striking heterogeneity in contact patterns, with strong ties being positively assorted and
weak ties negatively assorted by our measured behavioural traits. Moreover, shy fish had more network connections than bold
fish and these were on average stronger. In other words, social fine structure is strongly influenced by behavioural trait.
We assert that such structure will have implications for the outcome of selection on behavioural traits and we speculate that
the observed positive assortment may act as an amplifier of selection contributing to the maintenance of co-operation during
predator inspection. 相似文献
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A model for predicting the effects of acid precipitation on the acid (H+ + Al3+ + Fe3+- and base (Na+ + K + Ca2+ + mg2+)-cation losses from soils via leaching as function of time was verified by examining published results for one indoor and five outdoor lysimeter studies (with precipitation pH-values ranging from 2 to 6), and five watershed studies. In each case the predictions of the model were in acceptable (but not perfect) agreement with the observed acid and base cation losses. These studies were selected from other relevant studies because they nearly met the information requirements of the model. The prediction of the acid cation content of soil leachates is important for considering the generally negative effects of such cations (especially the dominating Al3+-ions) on plant growth and ground-, stream- and later water quality. 相似文献
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Jonathan P. Evans Jennifer L. Kelley Indar W. Ramnarine Andrea Pilastro 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2002,52(6):496-502
Previous work has shown that under elevated predation risk, male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) switch from courtship to less conspicuous coercive mating attempts. This behavioural transition is traditionally interpreted as a 'risk-sensitive' response that makes males less conspicuous to predators. However, predation risk leads to behavioural changes (such as schooling and predator inspection) in females that may result in coercive mating attempts being more profitable in high-risk situations. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the switch to coercive mating by male guppies in high-risk situations is mediated by adjustments in female behaviour, rather than directly by the predator. We used replicate models resembling a known guppy predator to simulate predation risk in wild-caught guppies from a high-predation population in Trinidad. Our results revealed that males performed proportionately more coercive mating attempts when presented with a female that had been exposed previously to a model predator compared to when males were paired with non-exposed females. Total mating activity (combined rates of courtship and forced mating attempts) did not differ significantly among the two treatment groups, indicating that overall mating activity is unaffected by predation risk. Importantly, when we subsequently presented both sexes concurrently with a predator model, total mating activity and the proportion of forced mating attempts remained unchanged in the high-risk treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that the transition from courtship to forced mating attempts under elevated predation risk is mediated by changes in female behaviour, which we suggest may favour the use of coercive mating under high predation risk. 相似文献