Material suppliers and industrial metabolism

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is not sufficiently tailored to the analysis of strategic environmental problems of material suppliers. Sustainable development calls for a reduction by a factor of 10 to 20 in the material intensity of the economy, a situation which leads to dramatic shifts in markets for raw materials. Furthermore, a material supplier might have major improvement options in the material’s numerous downstream uses. LCAs, however, can’t cover these two aspects. An adapted form of Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) may be an answer. This approach defines a system in relation to the flow of a specific material through society. All environmental interventions related to the material are inventoried. An emission evaluation indicates the dominant environmental bottlenecks, given the current market volume of each application of the material. This helps to identify improvement options and strategic choices in market portfolios. Scenario analysis on potential measures can further indicate changes of material flows — and thus markets — in the system. The approach is illustrated with a case study on chlorine.     

造纸行业的清洁生产示范

文章概述了我国造纸行业清洁生产示范项目审计的成果，从环境、经济及清洁生产方案类型等角度对企业推行清洁生产进行了初步分析，提出了存在的主要问题，并就进一步推动造纸行业的清洁生产提出了建议。     

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality,China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

分级喷水增湿对半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响

研究了增湿水量、增湿水级数以及增湿水分配方式等参数对半干法烟气脱硫效率的影响。得出了一定试验条件下这些参数的优化值，它们分别为：增湿水量30％、三级增湿、递减分配方式。在此优化工况下，可以使塔内和系统脱硫效率分别达到68％和90％以上，比无增湿时分别提高6％和5％左右。     

文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS性能评价述评及建议

通过调研对国内外文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS性能评价进展进行了阐述与比较,指出国内开展文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS出厂性能评价不全面,需进一步开展相关性能评价技术研究;FCVS在现场的安装质量如何,随着时间的推移性能变化如何,并未开展试验验证,结合法规要求等,建议开展FCVS现场试验评价技术的研究.     

聚丙烯酸钠为结合相的薄膜扩散梯度技术对水中重金属的选择性测量

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)溶液为结合相,透析膜(CDM)为扩散相,使用改进的薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)装置(CDM-PAAS-DGT),研究其对水中重金属离子累积和测量的选择性.结果表明,队AS溶液的最佳使用浓度为0.0030 mol.1-1;PAAS能够选择性的定量累积和测量水中的Cu2+(回收率98.90%)和Cd2+(回收率103.3%);PAAS与Cu2+和Cd2+的条件配位稳定常数(lgK)分别为6.98和5.61;PAAS对Cu2+和Cd2+的累积容量分别为0.416μmol·ml-1和0.498umol·ml-1.     

TMA改性粘土矿物对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附

用短链季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子（ＴＭＡ）改性膨润土和凹凸棒土,研究它们对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附作用。二种ＴＭＡ改性粘土矿物均可以有效地吸附模拟地下水中的苯系物,吸附机理较复杂,主要以表面吸附为主。     

用于青霉素废水处理的高效菌株的分离及特性研究

从某制药厂污水处理站的活性污泥中筛选出两株能以青霉素废水中有机物为惟一碳源和能源的高效降解菌k1和k2。通过形态及生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定2株菌为芽孢菌,其中k2为短小芽孢杆菌（bacillus pumilus）。2株菌的最适pH值分别为8和7,温度均为35℃,当废水含量50%时,菌株k1和k2对青霉素废水的COD去除率分别为79%和81%。单菌株与混合菌株对废水的降解特性试验表明,前48 h混菌对废水的去除率不及单菌株,而48 h后混合菌株去除率高于单菌株,60 h时达到最高为85%。     

粘性泥石流运动模型的实验研究

粘性泥石流运动模型的研究因受实验条件的限制,还很不完善。国内外学者应用较多的５种模型都有一定的适用性,但也都存在不同的缺陷。本文应用粘性泥石流土样中的细颗粒和粗颗粒进行流变实验,不仅得到了粗颗粒在浆体中的沉降特性和泥石流体的流变特性,还研究了粘性泥石流运动模型及其参数。所提模型能很好地反映泥石流体的流变特性,较现有的５种模型能更好地描述粘性泥石流。     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.