Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.     

自然保护区生态补偿体系研究

自然保护区生态补偿对于增加自然保护区保护投入、平衡围绕自然保护区生态保护的利益关系具有重要意义。本文基于对自然保护区核心利益相关者的关切与诉求的分析,探讨自然保护区生态补偿的框架。提出自然保护区生态补偿可分为抑损性生态补偿与增益性生态补偿两种类型,具体包括五个方面的补偿内容,即开发利用者对自然保护区自然资源开发的补偿、消费者对自然保护区自然资源利用的补偿、自然保护区内原住民损失补偿、环保机构与个人付出的保护努力与成本的补偿,以及自然保护区生态效益补偿。补偿方式与途径应根据不同的补偿内容与补偿的主客体进行选择。在国家与政府主导的基础上,促进多元化的补偿方式,加强各方利益相关者的参与。     

Compensation Payments for Downsides Generated by Protected Areas

Protected areas are powerful instruments to tackle the biodiversity crises. However, local communities believe that protected areas generate downsides for which they should be compensated. We reviewed (1) problem evolution, (2) the idea of compensation schemes, and (3) practical considerations. We found that compensations for conservation-related losses are insufficiently considered when protected areas are established. Schemes include controversial resettlements of human populations, traditional reimbursements, and recently favored incentive payments to encourage local communities to conserve biodiversity on their lands. The compensation process is typically composed of the verification of losses/facts, estimation of costs, and delivery of payments. Compensation schemes promote tolerance and awareness, and responsibility of the broader society while minimizing confrontations. They have the power to mainstream concern about human welfare in protected area management, and are therefore a key to successful conservation. Verifying the impact of compensations on achievement of conservation goals remains, however, difficult to prove.     

Migration and remediation of organic liquid pollutants in porous soils and sedimentary rocks: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Underground pollution of soils and sediments is a major yet overlooked health issue, because pollutants are often trapped into inaccessible and complex...     

遗传资源价值评估进展与应用

价值评估是制定遗传资源保护与可持续利用战略和政策的基础。本文综述了遗传资源价值评估的概念框架,分析了植物遗传资源、动物遗传资源、基因库的价值体系及评估案例,并提出价值评估可为遗传资源保护政策的制定提供科学依据、可提升惠益分享谈判的议价能力、为基于生物多样性保护的社区减贫提供有效手段。     

道路交通的生态影响研究综述

道路网络广泛分布于各种景观中,其在增进社会财富、方便人们生活的同时,也会产生不同方面和程度的生态学影响:在区域尺度上,道路网络对不同生态系统的景观格局形成明显的切割作用,破坏了生态系统的完整性和连通性;道路建设导致物种生境丧失和柄息地破碎,并引起生境中诸如水、土壤、大气、光照、噪音等理化环境变化;道路交通增加动植物死亡率,导致种群数量下降,并阻碍动物个体在同种种群间的交流以及在互补性资源问的周期性迁移;提供一些物种道路边缘柄息生境,并沿道路边缘扩散,造成生物入侵.道路生态影响研究已成为生态学和道路建设与管理一个重要交叉研究领域.