Dynamic characteristics of woody plant regeneration in karst secondary forests in central Guizhou北大核心CSCD

Based on community data (2012, 2020) of the Tianlong Mountain evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest plot in central Guizhou, China, the species composition, importance value index, diversity, and dynamic changes were estimated to explore the renewal and change characteristics of karst secondary forests. The results showed that: (1) the number of individual species in the investigated two hm2 plot encompassing 33 families and 55 genera, totaling 69 species decreased from 10 276 to 7837. Five families, 10 genera, and 18 species were newly added, while seven families, nine genera, and 11 species disappeared. The difference between the importance value indices of the species was obvious; that of Lithocarpus confinis (20.97–23.26) was much higher than that of other species. Except for some species, the overall inter-annual differences were not large, and the status of mesophytic and shaded species has increased. Life forms were dominated by small trees and shrubs or small trees, and the plant number density of different life forms is reduced. (2) The Margalef and Shannon-Wiener indices of shrubs were the largest, and the Pielou indices of shrubs or small trees were the largest. The composition of most life forms has increased; the diversity became richer; and the uniform distribution of individual species has increased, but the change was small. (3) With respect to the spatial distribution pattern, the species were generally clustered, and only a few were randomly distributed. The Cx, I, m*, CA, and G indices of the species were reduced, and those of some species were quite different. A tendency for aggregated distribution was observed over random distribution, but the aggregation degree of Lithocarpus sphaerocephala was still high. The PAI index of most species increased but was not obvious, whereas the K value changed irregularly. Overall, the species composition, importance value index, diversity, and spatial distribution pattern of the main species in this community have changed to some extent but without any significant fluctuations. L. sphaerocephala was still the dominant species in succession, and the species composition of the flora was stable. The restoration of vegetation and the development of the entire community are slow. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

T型街道内空气流动与污染物扩散特性研究

为研究T型街道峡谷内空气流动与污染物扩散传质的特性,利用数值模拟研究来流风向角(θ)的变化(θ为45°、90°和135°)对T型街道交叉路口内空气流动与机动车尾气污染物扩散传递的影响,并与风洞实验测量数据进行验证。3种湍流模型中,可实现k—ε模型计算的速度相对偏差小于8%,与风洞实验结果一致性最好。结果表明,来流风向角的变化,会造成从街道顶部或侧面进入街道内的气流方向及通量发生改变,从而显著影响T型街道交叉口内及其附近的流动结构和污染物浓度分布。污染物容易在建筑尾流区等流动不畅的区域产生聚集,造成污染浓度偏高。当θ=135°时,T型街道内通风条件最好,街道内行人呼吸高度和建筑临街立面附近污染物浓度水平均相对较低。由于流动结构的改善,T型街道峡谷内的污染水平低于一般街道峡谷。     

黔中木本植物叶功能性状对退化喀斯特土壤特性的响应

研究不同退化背景下优势木本植物功能性状的适应机制,有助于从功能生态学的角度来解释喀斯特山区的群落演替过程。本研究以贵州普定不同退化背景样地优势木本为研究对象,测定LT、LA、SLA、LDMC、LTD、Chlc6个叶片功能性状指标,分析土壤特性对区域内植被叶片功能性状的作用及影响,揭示喀斯特山区植物对不同环境的适应策略及其演替过程。结果表明:①喀斯特区退化环境下植被叶片向增大化趋势发展,以退耕地经济林最显著;火烧、火烧砍伐、退耕下植被性状差异显著,以LA、LTD、SLA变化范围最大,在相应样地可分别高达121.9%、118.08%、86.00%。②退化样地内叶片性状在乔木、灌木和藤本物种间差异显著,总体上灌木与藤本物种种间变异高于乔木物种,群落处于演替前中期阶段。③不同退化背景下土壤特性差异较大,与植被叶功能性状间具有显著相关性,其中土层深度、土壤养分与土壤含水率是植被叶功能性状的关键土壤特性因子。④退化区域植被叶性状表现出LA大、LT较小、SLA和LTD低、LDMC高、Chlc较低,趋向于发展贫瘠干旱性状组合。揭示了黔中退化喀斯特次生林内在差异性的演替规律,为喀斯特次生林的管理和生物多样性保护提供科学依据。     

长期生物炭添加对稻田土壤细菌和真菌反硝化N2O排放的影响

由细菌和真菌驱动的反硝化作用是稻田土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的主要来源,一般认为生物炭通过影响细菌反硝化过程来减少N₂O排放,而对真菌反硝化的相关影响机制尚不清楚.以中国科学院常熟农业生态实验基地长期秸秆炭化还田试验田为对象,通过室内厌氧培养和分子生物学技术研究了长期不同生物炭施加量下（空白、 2.25 t·hm^-2和22.5 t·hm^-2,分别用BC0、 BC1和BC10表示）稻田土壤细菌和真菌反硝化产生N₂O的相对贡献及相关微生物的作用机制.结果表明,与BC0相比,生物炭处理显著降低了N₂O排放速率、反硝化势以及N₂O累积排放量,且3个处理中细菌反硝化贡献均大于真菌反硝化;其中,BC10的细菌反硝化相对贡献率（62.9%）相较于BC0（50.8%）显著增加,BC10的真菌反硝化相对贡献率（37.1%）显著低于BC0（49.2%）.生物炭施加显著增加了细菌反硝化功能基因（nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的丰度,减低了fungal nirK基因的丰度.相关分析结果表明真菌反硝化贡献率与N₂O排放速率显著正相关,与土壤pH、 TN、 SOM和DOC显著负相关.生物炭可能通过提高pH和碳氮含量等来抑制反硝化真菌的生长,降低相关功能基因丰度,从而减弱了真菌反硝化过程NO还原为N₂O的能力,使真菌反硝化过程产生N₂O的贡献率显著下降,从而减少了稻田土壤反硝化N₂O排放.本研究有助于拓宽对稻田土壤反硝化过程的认知,并为生物炭施用调控真菌反硝化N₂O排放提供理论基础.