The impact of municipal solid waste treatment methods on greenhouse gas emissions in Lahore, Pakistan

The contribution of existing municipal solid waste management to emission of greenhouse gases and the alternative scenarios to reduce emissions were analyzed for Data Ganj Bukhsh Town (DGBT) in Lahore, Pakistan using the life cycle assessment methodology. DGBT has a population of 1,624,169 people living in 232,024 dwellings. Total waste generated is 500,000 tons per year with an average per capita rate of 0.84kg per day. Alternative scenarios were developed and evaluated according to the environmental, economic, and social atmosphere of the study area. Solid waste management options considered include the collection and transportation of waste, collection of recyclables with single and mixed material bank container systems (SMBCS, MMBCS), material recovery facilities (MRF), composting, biogasification and landfilling. A life cycle inventory (LCI) of the six scenarios along with the baseline scenario was completed; this helped to quantify the CO2 equivalents, emitted and avoided, for energy consumption, production, fuel consumption, and methane (CH4) emissions. LCI results showed that the contribution of the baseline scenario to the global warming potential as CO2 equivalents was a maximum of 838,116 tons. The sixth scenario had a maximum reduction of GHG emissions in terms of CO2 equivalents of -33,773 tons, but the most workable scenario for the current situation in the study area is scenario 5. It saves 25% in CO2 equivalents compared to the baseline scenario.     

Assessment of factors affecting household solid waste generation and its composition in Gulberg Town,Lahore, Pakistan

This paper analyzes and compares the findings of the characterization study of collected solid waste from households of three different socioeconomic groups in Lahore, Pakistan, over the four seasons, i.e. Spring (March–April, 2008), Summer (May–June, 2008), Monsoon (August–September, 2008) and Winter (December 2008 and January 2009). The generation rate of waste was 0.96 kg/cap/day for high-income, 0.73 kg/cap/day for middle and 0.67 kg/cap/day for low-income group. The average of total household solid waste (HSW) generation is 0.79 kg/cap/day (including 0.75 kg/cap/day for spring, 0.77 kg/cap/day for summer, 0.86 kg/cap/day for monsoon and 0.76 kg/cap/day. The breakdown for the major physical components of the waste shows that organic waste accounts for the largest proportion (67.46 %). The relations between waste generation rates by physical category and subcategory, in addition to factors such as socioeconomic groups (population density levels, household income and household size), seasonal variation, and daily variation (difference of HSW generation among days of a week) were also analyzed. Statistical analysis shows that there was no significant difference in overall waste generation among days of a week. A significant difference between the seasons for food waste, cardboard, PET, HDPE, other hazardous waste, battery cells, and dust and stone (p < 0.001) was found. The generation rates were found to be higher when compared to other developing countries.     

艾比湖湿地不同水淹条件下土壤养分变化研究

为探明不同水淹条件对艾比湖湿地土壤养分含量的影响,文章以其东南部为研究区,根据遥感影像图将研究区划分为经常性水淹区、季节性水淹区、无湖水淹没区,对其研究区内27个采样点的81个土样中有机碳、速效磷、速效钾含量进行分析,揭示不同水淹条件下土壤养分的变化。研究表明:(1)研究区内土壤有机碳、速效磷、速效钾变异程度较高,属于中等变异。距湖远近影响下,含量逐渐增加,且变幅较大。各指标含量大小分别为无湖水淹没区>经常性水淹区>季节性水淹区;(2)垂直梯度上各指标含量呈现为0～20 cm>20～40 cm>40～60 cm,即随着土壤深度的不断增加,土壤有机碳、速效磷、速效钾含量随之减少。表层变化明显,土壤深度越深,含量变化幅度逐渐变小。(3)水分是影响土壤养分含量空间异质性的重要因素之一,空间分布上距离湖面越远,受到水淹条件影响越小,土壤养分含量会越多。各指标条带状较明显,含量自西南向东北呈逐渐增加趋势。(4)经常性水淹区水分与有机碳呈不显著正相关,与速效磷、速效钾呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。季节性水淹区水分与有机碳、速效磷、速效钾呈显著(p<0.05)和极显著(p<0.01)负相关。无湖水淹没区水分与有机碳、速效磷、速效钾均呈显著和极显著负相关。     

Municipal solid waste management in Lahore City District,Pakistan

This study deals with generation, composition, collection, transportation, and disposal, as well as the present cost of the waste management on the basis of 60% collection of the total waste and the cost of proposed improved system of management on the basis of 100% waste collection using the IWM-2 LCI model. A GIS map of Data Ganj Bakhsh Town (DGBT) of Lahore City District showing communal storage facilities is also provided. DGBT has a population of 1,624,169 living in 232,024 dwellings. The total waste generated per year is 500,000 tons, or 0.84/kg/cap/day. Presently 60% of the MSW is collected and disposed in open dumps, while 40% is not collected and lies along roadsides, streets railway lines, depressions, vacant plots, drains, storm drains and open sewers. In DGBT, 129 containers of 5-m³ capacity, 120 containers of 10-m³ capacity and 380 skips of 2.5-m³ capacity are placed for waste collection. The overall collection and disposal cost of the MSW of DGBT is $3,177,900/yr, which is $10.29/ton. Modeling was conducted using the IWM-2 model for improved collection and disposal on the basis of 100% service, compared to the current 60% service. The modelled cost is $8.3/per ton, which is 20% less than the present cost, but the overall cost of 100% collection and disposal increases to $4,155,737/yr.     

三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂制备的高吸水树脂对重金属的吸附

以前期工作中合成的树脂PAANa-TE为吸附剂进行重金属吸附测试,考察吸附剂用量、丙烯酸中和度、吸附时间、溶液pH、初始浓度和吸附温度对树脂吸附重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr3+和Co2+性能的影响,用原子吸收分光光度计测定了树脂吸附Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr3+和Co2+后的残留浓度,树脂对4种金属离子的吸附容量分别为21.59、2.39、5.66和4.98 mmol/g,吸附容量大小为Cu2+Cr3+Co2+Pb2+,吸附速率顺序为Cr3+Pb2+Cu2+Co2+。结果表明,该树脂对高浓度重金属离子有较快速,高效率的吸附,吸附过程在100 min左右吸附容量达到最大,并用不同浓度的酸对吸附重金属离子的树脂进行脱附处理,脱附量很小,据此可考虑进一步对金属离子进行回收处理。且脱附率较低,因此,可对工业化和城市化进程所产生的各种化学形态的重金属水体污染物造成的生态环境和质量问题起到重要的改善作用。     

典型石油城市道路积尘重金属污染及健康风险评价

从新疆典型石油城市克拉玛依市采集52个道路积尘样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Hg 6种重金属元素的含量,采用地质累积指数法与美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,分析了道路积尘重金属污染及潜在健康风险。结果表明,克拉玛依市道路积尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg的平均值分别为新疆土壤背景值的1.62、1.75、0.99、1.50、1.24、2.94倍,道路积尘中6种重金属元素的地质累积指数(I_(geo))平均值排序为HgAsCuPbCrCd。其中,Hg处于轻度污染,其他5种元素均处于无污染水平。总体上,As、Cu、Hg的I_(geo)从西北向东南呈减小趋势;Cd的I_(geo)空间分布较为离散,出现两个同心圆状分布格局;Pb、Cr的I_(geo)呈现均匀分布格局。健康风险评价结果表明,克拉玛依市道路积尘中重金属元素的非致癌风险及致癌风险均处于安全范围内,主要暴露途径为手-口摄入,儿童受到的健康风险高于成人,As是克拉玛依市道路积尘中最主要健康风险元素。     

Economic potential of recycling business in Lahore, Pakistan

The state of household waste recycling in Lahore city, Pakistan with a population of 7.2 million was analyzed. Data on solid waste recycling were gathered from residents of low-, middle- and high-income groups, as well as from scavengers and junkshops. The recycling activities in Lahore exert a significant impact on resource conservation, creation of jobs, provision of economic opportunity and reduction in the magnitude of waste disposal problems. A cost analysis is presented to show the income that can be generated through a well-planned recycling program. It is shown that 21.2% of all recyclable waste in Lahore is recycled, and it generates an amount of Rs. 271 million (US dollars 4.5 million) per year through the informal sector. However, if the recycling practice is owned by the formal sector, it can save an amount of Rs. 65 million by reducing the collection cost. If recycling is adopted as an industry, it can generate revenues of Rs. 530 million (US dollars 8.8 million) per year and can also save enormous amount of energy, as well as the natural resources.     

克拉玛依市地表灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险评估

城市地表灰尘作为城市环境污染物载体,影响城市生态环境和人体健康.为探究绿洲城市地表灰尘重金属污染风险,从新疆克拉玛依市克拉玛依区采集52个地表灰尘样品,分析其中Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr和As等6种重金属元素含量,采用内梅罗综合污染指数(NPI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER),对地表灰尘重金属污染及生态风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区地表灰尘中As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Hg等元素平均含量分别为新疆土壤背景值的1.61倍、1.75倍、1.50倍、1.23倍和2.94倍,富集较明显;Cr元素平均值没有超出新疆土壤背景值.地表灰尘中Hg处于中度污染水平,Cd、Pb、As和Cu等元素处于轻度污染水平,Cr处于轻微污染水平,NPI平均值为3.07,处于重度污染水平.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,地表灰尘中Hg处于较强生态风险水平,As、Pb、Cr和Cu处于轻微风险水平,Cd处于中等生态风险水平,RI平均值为201.17,处于中等生态风险.生态风险预警结果表明,Hg处于轻警态势,Cr处于无警态势,Cd、Pb、Cu和As等4种元素处于预警态势,IER平均值为4.02,属于中警态势.研究区地表灰尘重金属污染水平与生态风险较高的区域主要分布于研究区西北部.     

Scavenging demeanor in Bahawalpur,Pakistan: social and health perspective

Social and health issues are now considered as an integral part of waste management system. Scavengers or waste pickers are the main victims in waste management sector. Objective of the cross sectional study carried out for a group of scavengers living in huts was to highlight the socio-demographic characteristic, working conditions and occupational health risks with main emphasis on relation of infectious disease prevalence and waste picking activity in Bahawalpur area. Of the 100 waste pickers and 100 non-waste pickers HIV was not detected in any participant, HBV was detected in 4 and 2 % and HCV in 28 and 6 % respectively. Considerable differences were observed in the detection rates of HCV (OR: 6.09, 95 % CI 2.4, 15.5; p = 0.000) and either markers (OR: 5.4, 95 % CI 2.35, 12.5; p = 0.000) in waste pickers compared to general population. The higher incidence of Hepatitis among waste pickers compared to non waste pickers is a function of their occupation, unhygienic living conditions, lack of immunization, ignorance and need of training regarding waste handling.     

博斯腾湖流域地下水重金属污染的人体健康风险评估

在新疆博斯腾湖流域绿洲灌区采集67个浅层地下水样品,测定其中Cu、Mn、Cd、Cr、Ni和Zn等6种重金属元素的含量,采用Nemerow综合污染指数对地下水中重金属污染程度进行评价,借助US EPA健康风险评价模型对地下水中重金属污染的潜在健康风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)地下水中各元素平均含量大小顺序依次为:MnZnCuNi CrCd,各元素平均含量均未超出国家标准的限值;(2)研究区地下水中各重金属元素单项污染指数平均值从大到小依次为:Cd(2.04)、Mn(0.69)、Ni(0.45)、Cr(0.24)、Zn(0.07)、Cu(0.03)。综合污染指数的变化范围在0.23～2.22之间,平均值为0.73,呈现轻微污染;(3)健康风险评价结果表明,地下水中6种重金属对成人的潜在非致癌健康风险HI为7.83E-011,表明暴露的个体不太可能有明显的不良健康影响;对儿童的潜在非致癌健康风险HI为1.05E+011,表明研究区地下水重金属可能对当地儿童的健康产生不利影响,有进一步研究的必要性。