可持续发展:沈阳市农业经济建设的主旋律--访沈阳市副市长李宝权

采访沈阳市副市长李宝权有二个意外：一个意外是作为拥有720万人口的全国特大城市之一的沈阳市主管农业的副市长，居然能将农业经济发展与生态环境建设的辩证关系讲得鞭辟入里，警醒深刻；另一个意外是李宝权副市长不但是个经济建设与环境保护可持续发展的热切呼唤者，而且还是个身体力行、业绩不凡的成功管理者和实践者。     

北京市铁路站场大气颗粒物的特征与来源分析

利用扫描电镜-X射线能谱(SEM-EDX)技术对北京市铁路站场采集的颗粒物的形貌和化学组分进行分析,并利用富集因子法及元素相关性对颗粒物中的各元素来源进行判别。研究结果表明,铁路站场所采集的主要是2μm以下的球形或椭球形富含S、Br、Zn元素的颗粒,富集因子及元素相关性分析显示,该颗粒物主要来源于铁路机车燃油排放。因此,确定颗粒物的排放源并以此进行控制,对于改善北京铁路站场周围的大气环境具有重要意义。     

An observational study of the HONO–NO2 coupling at an urban site in Guangzhou City,South China

The temporal behavior of HONO and NO₂ was investigated at an urban site in Guangzhou city, China, by means of a DOAS system during the Pearl River Delta 2006 intensive campaign from 10 to 24 July 2006. Within the whole measurement period, unexpected high HONO mixing ratios up to 2 ppb were observed even during the day. A nocturnal maximum concentration of about 8.43 ± 0.4 ppb was detected on the night of 24 July 2006. Combining the data simultaneously observed by different instruments, the coupling of HONO–NO₂ and the possible formation sources of HONO are discussed. During the measurement period, concentration ratios of HONO to NO₂ ranged from (0.03 ± 0.1) to (0.37 ± 0.09), which is significantly higher than previously reported values (0.01–0.1). Surprisingly, in most cases a strong daytime correlation between HONO and NO₂ was found, contrary to previous observations in China. Aerosol was found to have a minor impact on HONO formation during the whole measurement period. Using a pseudo steady state approach for interpreting the nocturnal conversion of NO₂ to HONO suggests a non-negligible role of the relative humidity for the heterogeneous HONO formation from NO₂.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of the Chinese mitten crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir sinensis</Emphasis> in its native range

The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is an indigenous and economically important species in China, but can also be found as invasive species in Europe and America. Mitten crabs have been exploited extensively as a food resource since the 1990s. Despite its ecological and economic importance, the genetic structure of native mitten crab populations is not well understood. In this paper, we investigated the genetic structure of mitten crab populations in China by screening samples from ten locations covering six river systems at six microsatellite loci. Our results provide further evidence that mitten crabs from the River Nanliujiang in Southern China are a genetically differentiated population within the native range of Eriocheir, and should be recognized as a separate taxonomic unit. In contrast, extremely low levels of genetic differentiation and no significant geographic population structure were found among the samples located north of the River Nanliujiang. Based on the reproductive biology of mitten crabs and the geography of their habitat we argue that both natural and human-mediated gene flow are unlikely to fully account for the similar allele frequency distributions at microsatellite loci. Large population sizes of mitten crabs suggest instead that a virtual absence of genetic drift and significant homoplasy of microsatellite alleles have contributed to the observed pattern. Furthermore, a coalescent-based maximum likelihood method indicated a more than two-fold lower effective population size of the Southern population compared to the Northern Group and low but significant levels of gene flow between both areas.     

铁路煤扬尘抑尘试验研究

抑尘剂溶液喷洒在煤堆表面后,能使其表面粘结形成具有一定强度的硬壳,具有防尘作用.试验测定了未喷抑尘剂和喷有不同抑尘剂的煤样在30 m/s风速下的扬尘浓度,并在黑龙江省鸡西市华峰洗煤厂进行了现场试验.试验结果表明,喷洒抑尘剂对铁路煤运中煤抑尘效果有一定改善.铁路煤运过程中应用该抑尘剂不仅可以减少扬尘、保护环境,而且还可减少煤的流失.     

铁路旅客列车垃圾中重金属元素调查及防治对策的研究

采用现场调研、取样、理化检测和分析的方法 ,以掌握铁路旅客列车垃圾中重金属含量水平 ,垃圾中主要污染元素和主要污染物有关的数据和信息 ;在调查和综合分析的基础上 ,提出铁路旅客列车垃圾重金属污染的防治对策 ,为有效地处理铁路旅客列车垃圾提供了科学依据     

唐山市工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响

探讨了工业区大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响。在唐山市工业区和相对清洁区选取452名小学生为研究对象,进行肺功能的测定和问卷调查。用多元回归分析建立模型后,以实测值占预计值的百分比为统计量进行分析。调查结果显示小学生肺功能指标中MVV、V25污染区低于对照区,VC、FEV、V25、V50的异常率高于对照区,且与大气中SO2的浓度有关。     

复合垃圾衍生燃料在铁路垃圾焚烧中的应用

将铁路客运站车垃圾制成复合垃圾衍燃料（C-RDF）,掺混到现运行的燃煤锅炉中进行混烧是一种符合中国铁路垃圾特点的处理方法。试验时,将经分选破碎后的铁路站车垃圾按不同比例（共9组）与煤进行混合,而后压制成生物质型煤进行燃烧。利用烟气监测设备,对9组样品燃烧时排放的污染物（主要为CO,SO,NOx）进行观察,通过比较分析,确定最佳的掺混比例为30%C-RDF和70%煤。在与相关标准进行对比时发现,CO浓度超标,经分析确定为保证CO达标排放,需在燃烧时提供充足的空气量。     

制药建设项目环境风险评价探讨

环境风险评价是制药建设项目环境影响评价中必须涉及的一项重要内容,是对制药企业环境影响的不确定性及其环境后果进行调查和确定的过程,具有复杂性、综合性和不确定性三大特征。该文以重庆某制药建设项目为例,从风险识别、风险预测及评价、风险事故防范措施及应急预案等方面,论述了环境风险评价的基本概念及一般程序,对制药建设项目环境风险评价的特点、工作内容、工作方法等进行了初步探讨。     

岷江上游典型退化生态系统鸟类物种多样性的初步研究

在岷江上游典型的退化生态系统（十里乡）、逐渐恢复的生态系统（茂县生态站，1986年开始人工恢复）和原始森林及次生高山草甸生态系统（上卡卡沟）选择样地，对其乌类物种多样性在夏秋两季进行了调查，并计算其多样性指数和均匀度指数。各多样性指数的变化有微小差异，但总体一致。综合夏秋两季，茂县生态站夏季的鸟类丰富度、多度和多样性指数值最高，十里乡秋季的鸟类丰富度、多样性指数值最低，上卡卡沟秋季的均匀度指数最高。各群落的相似性指数较低，表明各群落组成有较大差异，拟合各样地鸟类的物种－多度曲线模型，十里乡鸟类的物种－多度模型与对数级数分布拟合，茂县鸟类的物种－多度模型与对数级数分布相似，上卡卡沟鸟类的物种－多度模型与分割线段模型分布拟合，夏秋季的物种－多度模型无明显差异，仅茂县的物种－多度模型与风何级数分布拟合，并对鸟类对生态恢复的监测效应进行了探讨，认为物种－多度模型是良好的生境变化生物指示因子，图3表4参19。