不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化过程研究

目的 探究不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化层结构特征。方法 利用高温水浴浸泡处理去除原料微米硼的表面氧化层,然后在恒温恒湿条件下对微米硼进行加速氧化,利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱对加速氧化后硼颗粒的氧化层厚度及组成进行分析,总结表面氧化层结构及成分组成变化规律,揭示温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化机制。结果 微米硼经高温水浴浸泡处理后,表面氧化层去除率达到50%。随着加速氧化时间的延长,硼颗粒氧化层的厚度逐渐增大,由内向外硼颗粒表面可以用B-BxOy-B2O3三层结构来表示,BxOy总是伴随着B2O3同时出现的,且随着氧化反应的进行,颗粒表面BxOy的含量将超过B的含量。结论 不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化机制为O2向B颗粒内部单向扩散的反应机制,B先与O2反应,形成低氧化物BxOy,BxOy进而与O2反应生成B2O3。随着氧化层厚度的增加,O2向B颗粒内部扩散的阻力增大,氧化反应速率随之降低。相比湿度的影响,温度的升高可显著加快硼表面氧化层的形成;温度一定时,湿度的增加可促进硼氧化层的形成。     

海南西沙试验站大气霉菌群落初步调查

目的 筛选西沙试验站大气环境优势菌种,进行西沙试验站装备敏感菌研究。方法 采用撞击法进行大气霉菌采样,用统计学法计算出不同试验场地真菌数量,结合形态学法与ITS1-5.8S-TIS2或26SrDNA D1/D2区序列分析法鉴定菌种,并用SPSS初步探讨大气真菌与环境因素的关系,分析西沙试验站装备敏感菌。结果 西沙试验站优势种为Aspergillus aculeatus、Penicillium citrinum、Pithomyces sacchar、变红镰孢霉Fusarium incarnatum、Cladosporium oxysporum和Cladosporium oryzae,影响西沙试验站大气霉菌群落结构的重要环境因素是相对湿度和风速,贮存在西沙试验站的装备容易长霉,多种材料有不同的敏感菌,尤其是涂层样件和橡胶类材料。结论 西沙试验站大气环境中存在种类繁多的霉菌。     

Impacts of land use change on ecosystem service value in Lijiang River Basin,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - It is of great significance for the coordinated development of the environment and the economy to study the impact of the human driving factors of...     

二氧化锰基纳米材料对重金属离子的去除及机理研究进展

重金属离子对人类健康和环境安全产生了严重威胁,因此重金属废水高效处理成为了环境领域最具挑战性的热点问题之一.二氧化锰(MnO_2)是一种环境友好型金属氧化物,具有来源广泛、成本低廉、形貌多样、晶型丰富、结构稳定、粒径可控等优异的性质,在重金属离子的去除应用上展现出巨大的潜力.近年来,人们利用MnO_2基纳米材料在重金属离子的有效治理方面开展了大量的研究.本文综述了MnO_2基纳米材料在重金属离子环境修复方面取得的研究进展,包括MnO_2的制备和改性方法,MnO_2基纳米材料在水溶液重金属离子去除中的应用及吸附作用机制,并对研究方向进行了总结和展望,旨在为进一步设计合成对重金属离子的吸附去除具有实际应用价值的MnO_2基纳米材料提供参考.     

Theoretical versus observed gas-particle partitioning of carbonyl emissions from motor vehicles

A state-of-the-science thermodynamic model describing gas-particle absorption processes was used to predict the gas-particle partitioning of mixtures of approximately 60 carbonyl compounds emitted from low-emission gasoline-powered vehicles, three-way catalyst gasoline-powered vehicles, heavy-duty diesel vehicles under the idle-creep condition (HDDV idle), and heavy-duty diesel vehicles under the five-mode test (HDDV 5-mode). Exhaust was diluted by a factor of 120-580 with a residence time of approximately 43 sec. The predicted equilibrium absorption partitioning coefficients differed from the measured partitioning coefficients by several orders of magnitude. Time scales to reach equilibrium in the dilution sampling system were close to the actual residence time during the HDDV 5-mode test and much longer than the actual residence time during the other vehicle tests. It appears that insufficient residence time in the sampling system cannot uniformly explain the failure of the absorption mechanism to explain the measured partitioning. Other gas-particle partitioning mechanisms (e.g., heterogeneous reactions, capillary adsorption) beyond the simple absorption theory are needed to explain the discrepancy between calculated carbonyl partitioning coefficients and observed partitioning. Both of these alternative partitioning mechanisms imply great challenges for the measurement and modeling of semi-volatile primary organic aerosol (POA) species from motor vehicles. Furthermore, as emitted particle concentrations from newer vehicles approach atmospheric background levels, dilution sampling systems must fundamentally change their approach so that they use realistic particle concentrations in the dilution air to approximately represent real-world conditions. Samples collected with particle-free dilution air yielding total particulate matter concentrations below typical ambient concentrations will not provide a realistic picture of partitioning for semi-volatile compounds.     

Source apportionment of wintertime secondary organic aerosol during the California regional PM10/PM2.5 air quality study

The UCD/CIT air quality model with the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (CACM) was used to predict source contributions to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) from December 15, 2000 to January 7, 2001. The predicted 24-day average SOA concentration had a maximum value of 4.26 μg m^?3 50 km southwest of Fresno. Predicted SOA concentrations at Fresno, Angiola, and Bakersfield were 2.46 μg m^?3, 1.68 μg m^?3, and 2.28 μg m^?3, respectively, accounting for 6%, 37%, and 4% of the total predicted organic aerosol. The average SOA concentration across the entire SJV was 1.35 μg m^?3, which accounts for approximately 20% of the total predicted organic aerosol. Averaged over the entire SJV, the major SOA sources were solvent use (28% of SOA), catalyst gasoline engines (25% of SOA), wood smoke (16% of SOA), non-catalyst gasoline engines (13% of SOA), and other anthropogenic sources (11% of SOA). Diesel engines were predicted to only account for approximately 2% of the total SOA formation in the SJV because they emit a small amount of volatile organic compounds relative to other sources. In terms of SOA precursors within the SJV, long-chain alkanes were predicted to be the largest SOA contributor, followed by aromatic compounds. The current study identifies the major known contributors to the SOA burden during a winter pollution episode in the SJV, with further enhancements possible as additional formation pathways are discovered.     

Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the littoral zones of two lakes,east Antarctica

During the summertime of 2007/2008, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) fluxes across air–water interface were investigated in the littoral zones of Lake Mochou and Lake Tuanjie, east Antarctica, using a static chamber technique. The mean fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ were ?70.8 mgCO₂ m^?2 h^?1 and 144.6 μgCH₄ m^?2 h^?1, respectively, in the littoral zone of Lake Mochou; The mean fluxes were ?36.9 mgCO₂ m^?2 h^?1 and 109.8 μgCH₄ m^?2 h^?1, respectively, in the littoral zone of Lake Tuanjie. Their fluxes showed large temporal and spatial dynamics. The CO₂ fluxes showed a significantly negative correlation with daily total radiation (DTR) and a weakly negative correlation with air temperature and water temperature, indicating that sunlight intensity controlled the magnitude of CO₂ fluxes from the open lakes. The CH₄ fluxes significantly correlated with local air temperature, water table and total dissolved solids (TDS), indicating that they were the predominant factors influencing CH₄ fluxes. Summertime CO₂ budgets in the littoral zones of Lake Mochou and Lake Tuanjie were estimated to be ?152.9 gCO₂ m^?2 and ?79.7 gCO₂ m^?2, respectively, and net CH₄ emissions were estimated to be 312.3 mgCH₄ m^?2 and 237.2 mgCH₄ m^?2, respectively. Our results show that shallow, open, alga-rich lakes might be strong summertime CO₂ absorbers and small CH₄ emitters during the open water in coastal Antarctica.     

不同光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响

为探究光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响,设置蓝、白两种光质,每种光质下设置5种不同光照时间处理进行栽培试验,并测定每个处理下杏鲍菇原基形成与分化速度、菇蕾与子实体形态、产量及可溶性蛋白质与总糖含量.结果显示,原基形成速度随光照时间增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,蓝光下以15 min光照15 min黑暗时间处理下原基形成速度最...     

铅与苄嘧磺隆复合污染对青紫泥微生物生物量的影响

通过实验室培养试验研究了铅(0、100、300、500、800 mg/kg)与苄嘧磺隆(0、5、10 mg/kg)单独及其复合污染对青紫泥田水稻土壤微生物生物量的影响.结果表明,两种污染物在整个培养过程中都对微生物生物量C、N产生了显著的抑制作用,其交互作用在各个取样时期也均达到了显著水平;在整个培养过程中微生物生物量C、N的含量表现出先降低后升高的变化趋势,在第7～14天下降到最低点;而对微生物生物量C/N比的影响则表现出先升高后下降的趋势.     

Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling uncertainty analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS

For many practical problems in environmental management, information about soil heavy metals, relative to threshold values that may be of practical importance is needed at unsampled sites. The Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou (HJH) Plain has always been one of the most important rice production areas in Zhejiang province, China, and the soil heavy metal concentration is directly related to the crop quality and ultimately the health of people. Four hundred and fifty soil samples were selected in topsoil in HJH Plain to characterize the spatial variability of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd. Ordinary kriging and lognormal kriging were carried out to map the spatial patterns of heavy metals and disjunctive kriging was used to quantify the probability of heavy metal concentrations higher than their guide value. Cokriging method was used to minimize the sampling density for Cu, Zn and Cr. The results of this study could give insight into risk assessment of environmental pollution and decision-making for agriculture.