Study on cooperative strategies of rural water environment governance PPP project between companies and farmers from the perspective of evolutionary game

Environment, Development and Sustainability - The PPP mode of rural water environment governance was conducive to attracting social capital for giving full play to the decisive role of the market...     

杀虫剂环境风险评价工作的进展与探讨

杀虫剂使用量大，使用范围广，对生态环境影响深刻，其种类繁多，特性各异，毒理性质，物化性质及残留降解性能均与健康风险和生态风险密切相关。用一般的风险方法评价难以涵盖其危害的方方面面。因此，杀虫剂环境风险评价是一项重要而紧迫的课题，本文从理论，方法及实际工作等方面介绍了国内外杀虫剂环境风险评价的进展情况，分析了其特点和存在的问题，提出了构建杀虫剂环境风险评价整体框架的设想。以便通过环境风险评价追踪和预测杀虫剂对人群健康和生态系统结构与功能的潜在影响，从根本上预防和控制杀虫剂对人体健康和生态环境造成的危害。     

生物质利用现状

生物质能的使用是实现能源可持续发展的有效措施之一，因此其研究意义重大。本文在阐述生物质、生物质能定义和优点的基础上，对我国的生物质资源量及其利用的主要技术手段进行了分析。同时也对生物质利用所面临的主要问题进行了介绍，并提出了一些解决方案。认为现阶段我国生物质的利用应该注意国家政策的支持、基础研究的深入和宣传力度的加强。     

Ambient volatile organic compounds pollution in China

Owing to rapid economic and industrial development, China has been suffering from degraded air quality and visibility. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone and hence photochemical smog. Some VOCs adversely affect human health. Therefore, VOCs have recently elicited public concern and given new impetus to scientific interest. China is now implementing a series of polices to control VOCs pollution. The key to formulating policy is understanding the ambient VOCs pollution status. This paper mainly analyzes the species, levels, sources, and spatial distributions of VOCs in ambient air. The results show that the concentrations of ambient VOCs in China are much higher than those of developed countries such as the United States and Japan, especial benzene, which exceeds available standards. At the same time, the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of various VOCs are calculated. Aromatics and alkenes have much higher OFPs, while aromatics have higher SOAFP. The OFPs of ambient VOCs in the cities of Beijing, Guangzhou and Changchun are very high, and the SOAFP of ambient VOCs in the cities of Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Changchun are higher.     

Archaeal community structure along a gradient of petroleum contamination in saline-alkali soil

The impact of petroleum on archaeal community in salinealkali soils was investigated, which will expand the knowledge of the archaeal population involved in the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons in extreme environments.     

高级氧化技术降解环烷酸的研究进展

针对原油及油砂洗脱废水中的环烷酸所具有的酸性、毒性、腐蚀性等特点,介绍了多种降解环烷酸的高级氧化技术,包括Fenton氧化法、臭氧氧化法、光催化氧化法、超临界氧化法、微波辐照法等。评述了高级氧化技术降解环烷酸的最新进展和发现,分析了各种技术的处理效果,并总结了各种技术的优缺点。最后,提出了处理石油行业环烷酸废水的一些思路,为现阶段石油行业环烷酸废水的处理提供了参考。     

梨园杀虫剂的环境风险评价

评价了某雪花梨栽培试验园区施用的杀虫剂对周围环境的风险性。其中包括；利用化学物质排毒系数评价法对梨园杀虫剂进行初步风险识别；非突发性水环境污染风险分析。采用瞬时点源一维河流模型对杀虫剂因事故性泄漏水体造成的风险进行预测；简要说明了杀虫剂进入土壤的途径及其对施药区和非施药区土壤的危害；采用高斯烟团模式，通过大气取样，对杀虫剂超常量喷施进入大气捕捞浓度分布进行统计分析，测算出杀虫剂在不同浓度范围出现的相对频率，从而鉴别其对居民点空气质量的危害几率。     

Effect of AlCl3 concentration on nanoparticle removal by coagulation

In recent years, engineered nanoparticles, as a new group of contaminants emerging in natural water, have been given more attention. In order to understand the behavior of nanoparticles in the conventional water treatment process, three kinds of nanoparticle suspensions, namely multi-walled carbon nanotube-humic acid (MWCNT-HA), multi-walled carbon nanotube-N,N-dimethylformamide (MWCNT-DMF) and nanoTiO₂-humic acid (TiO₂-HA) were employed to investigate their coagulation removal efficiencies with varying aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) concentrations. Results showed that nanoparticle removal rate curves had a reverse “U” shape with increasing concentration of aluminum ion (Al^3 +). More than 90% of nanoparticles could be effectively removed by an appropriate Al^3 + concentration. At higher Al^3 + concentration, nanoparticles would be restabilized. The hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles was found to be the crucial factor influencing the effective concentration range (ECR) of Al^3 + for nanoparticle removal. The ECR of Al^3 + followed the order MWCNT-DMF > MWCNT-HA > TiO₂-HA, which is the reverse of the nanoparticle size trend. At a given concentration, smaller nanoparticles carry more surface charges, and thus consume more coagulants for neutralization. Therefore, over-saturation occurred at relatively higher Al^3 + concentration and a wider ECR was obtained. The ECR became broader with increasing pH because of the smaller hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles at higher pH values. A high ionic strength of NaCl can also widen the ECR due to its strong potential to compress the electric double layer. It was concluded that it is important to adjust the dose of Al^3 + in the ECR for nanoparticle removal in water treatment.     

Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, urban and rural sites in Beijing

Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban, rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied. High levels of Mn, Ni, As, Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates 4 sources of combustion emission, crust related sources, traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion. The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method (EFs). Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe, Sr, Zr and Ba; Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Tl and Pb; Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be, Na, K, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Sn and Sb. The EFs of Be, S, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter. The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2-6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources. Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline, as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites, and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.     

情景分析技术在制定区域大气复合污染控制方案中的应用研究

目前我国区域性大气复合污染日益严重,迫切需要明晰的控制技术路线指引。本文尝试将情景分析技术应用于区域复合污染控制方案制定中。建立了包括确定主题、驱动力筛选、驱动力预测、排放量预测和情景构建等步骤的情景设计方法。并利用本文建立的方法,详细介绍了在构建区域大气复合污染压力-状态-响应模型的基础上,利用主要驱动力与压力之间的数学关系,进行驱动力预测、构建基线情景和控制情景的方法。讨论了在制定区域协同控制方案过程中,确定满足区域总量控制目标的分区减排原则,并提出实现区域协同控制区域性大气复合污染的控制目标的分区削减方案情景设计的方法建议。