企业职业卫生现状模糊综合评价研究

将模糊数学的理论知识引入到企业职业卫生现状的综合评价中,建立了职业卫生现状综合评价指标体系和模糊综合评价模型,通过在某企业职业卫生现状综合评价中的实际应用,该指标体系和模糊综合评价模型可操作性强,取得了较好的评价效果。     

有机污染胁迫对人工湿地中浮萍抗氧化系统的影响

湿地植物在处理高负荷有机废水时会受到不同程度的氧化胁迫。本研究基于对浮萍的有机污染胁迫模拟系统,通过对浮萍脂质过氧化和抗氧化防御系统的监测与分析,研究了浮萍对有机污染胁迫的耐受能力及胁迫去除后浮萍的恢复规律。结果表明,浮萍对有机污染胁迫具有较高的耐受性,在胁迫去除后,具有一定的恢复能力。在COD小于400mg/L时,浮萍并未受到氧化胁迫;当COD达到800 mg/L时,浮萍体内ROS含量上升,细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,但抗氧化酶活性升高,抗氧化物质含量增加,浮萍可保持生长,胁迫去除后,抗氧化防御系统可恢复到对照水平;当COD过高（≥1 000mg/L）,ROS急剧上升,抗氧化防御系统遭受破坏,造成不可逆伤害,胁迫去除后不能恢复正常生长。     

Using hyper-spectral indices to detect soil phosphorus concentration for various land use patterns

This study provides earthworm population data obtained from localities with a substantial anthropogenic impact spoils. The spoil heaps were reclaimed at the end of an opencast brown coal mining period. We studied spoils reclaimed by the two most commonly used reclamation processes: forestry and agricultural. The results show the significance of the locality age and the utilized reclamation process and treatment and their effect on earthworm communities. Our data indicate that apart from soil physical and chemical properties, the reclamation process itself may also induce viability and distribution of earthworm communities. Under standardized soil properties, the changes in earthworm populations during the succession were larger within the agricultural reclamation process as opposed to the forestry reclamation process for earthworm ecological groups and individual species.     

Cu~(2+)/吡啶/H_2O_2对直接大红4BE的快速脱色研究

为了明确影响Cu2+/吡啶/H2O2对模拟染料(DR4BE)废水脱色的主要因素,采用动力学分析、正交和Box-Behnken实验设计研究了不同溶液pH、Cu2+、吡啶、H2O2浓度及Cu2+、吡啶和H2O2组合对初始脱色速率常数和最终脱色率的影响.同时,采用自由基抑制、H2O2催化分解实验探索了Cu2+/吡啶/H2O2对染料的脱色机理.结果发现,Cu2+/吡啶/H2O2能有效使DR4BE快速脱色,脱色效率远高于Cu2+/H2O2;pH是影响初始脱色速率最重要的因素,吡啶、Cu2+及pH是影响最终脱色率最重要的因素;溶液pH在7.0左右时有利于该脱色过程的快速进行.Cu2+与吡啶的交互作用相对较强,吡啶、Cu2+与H2O2的交互作用相对较弱.羟基自由基氧化是Cu2+/吡啶/H2O2对染料DR4BE初始快速脱色的主要机理.研究结果还表明,Cu2+/吡啶/H2O2体系可用于中性条件下染料废水的快速脱色处理.     

冬季人工湿地工程对三氯生的去除效果

为了明确北方大规模人工湿地在冬季对TCS(三氯生)的去除效果,在山东省境内4个典型的大规模人工湿地(即武河人工湿地、大沙河人工湿地、新薛河人工湿地和洸府河人工湿地)内于冬季(2013年12月—2014年1月)进行取样,以超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定人工湿地进出水中ρ(TCS),并分析不同湿地对TCS的去除效果. 结果表明:TCS在4个人工湿地系统进出水中均有检出,由于各人工湿地系统均承接当地污水处理厂尾水,冬季进水中ρ(TCS)偏高,为(800.81±83.37)~(1 151.00±47.13) ng/L,并以武河人工湿地为最高. 虽然人工湿地对TCS的去除率达22.44%~78.82%,但经由人工湿地处理后出水中仍含有较高浓度的TCS残留,经由人工湿地出水进入下游水体的TCS日释放量仍较高,其中洸府河人工湿地出水中高达92.60 g. 因此,冬季各人工湿地对TCS的去除效果在低温影响下有所降低,并且对下游水体和人类健康的威胁不容忽视.      

手烧型燃煤锅炉和工业炉窑烟尘污染的防治对策

众多手烧型锅炉和工业炉窑废气排放是造成城市空气严重污染的主要原因。本文通过剖析燃煤产生烟尘的机理,现有烟尘控制技术以及不同炉窑的工艺情况,提出手烧型燃煤锅炉、工业炉窑烟尘污染防治措施。     

发达国家城市环境治理的若干经验

发达国家城市环境治理的经验主要有:完善环境保护法律制度,保证治理措施的有效实施;健全环境管理体系,强化环境行政管理;注意推动自愿性行动来保护环境,积极推动公众参与环境治理;运用经济手段,制定激励奖惩措施,提高环境治理的效率;合理划分环境治理权限,建立权威性的管理机构;大量发展环境教育,通过民众环境保护意识,形成民族心理;加大科技投入,注重科技进步,发展环保产业。这些经验及其教训留给人们诸多启示,值得中国学习与借鉴。     

对一株海洋发光细菌保存方法的探究

从乌贼体表及内脏中提取一株海洋发光细菌,进行分离、纯化。通过四种不同保存方法对该株发光菌进行保存,测定了发光菌在存活期内的相对发光强度,探讨了最佳保存方法,比较发现:低温甘油法可在短期内替代条件苛刻的冷冻干燥法,可保存至少一年,沙土管保存法发光菌复苏效果差,不适宜保存发光菌,常温石蜡保存在实验室条件下可短期保存半年。     

灭草松和莠去津在土壤中的竞争吸附

采用振荡平衡法测定了低浓度范围内(＜30 mg·L-1)灭草松和莠去津单、双溶质在4种土壤中的吸附等温线.单溶质吸附结果表明,4种土壤中灭草松存在不吸附、吸附2种类型,吸附等温线类型有L和C型;莠去津的吸附等温线有L、S和C型;有机质、矿物质及农药疏水性是影响灭草松和莠去津在土壤中吸附的重要因素.通过比较单溶质和双溶质溶液中灭草松和莠去津的等温吸附线,发现混合溶液中它们的吸附行为相互之间随土壤类型不同存在竞争、无影响和协同作用,并且竞争程度与溶质浓度有关.用理想溶液吸附理论(IAST)和单溶质吸附等温线参数,模拟了双溶质溶液中灭草松和莠去津的吸附等温线,结果显示,该模型不能很好的预测实验结果.进一步结合吸附机理分析认为,不同土壤中的竞争结果是由于2种农药在其中共同占有吸附点的情况不同造成的.     

Evapotranspiration in the Meso‐Scale Forested Watersheds in Minjiang Valley,West China1

Abstract: Information on evapotranspiration (ET) can help us understand water balance, particularly in forested watersheds. Previous studies in China show that ET was relatively low (30‐40% of total precipitation) in the Minjiang Valley located in the upper reach of the Yangtze River Basin. However, this conclusion was derived from research on small‐scale watersheds (<100 km²). The objective of this paper was to present ET information on meso‐scale watersheds in the Minjiang Valley. Four meso‐scale watersheds (1,700‐5,600 km²) located in the Minjiang Valley were used to estimate ET using the water balance approach. We first generated forest vegetation variables (coniferous forest percentage, forest cover percentage, and derived forest vegetation index) using remote sensing data. Landsat 5 TM satellite images, acquired on June 26, 1994, were selected for the vegetation classification. Actual annual ET was calculated based on 11‐year estimated precipitation and measured streamflow data (1992‐2002). We also calculated potential ET (PET) using an improved Thornthwaite model for all four watersheds for the period of 1992‐1998. PET can provide additional information about potential capacity of water flux to atmosphere in the region. Seasonal (dry and rainy) PET and ET for all studied watersheds were also estimated for comparison purposes as the water balance approach, at shorter than annual scales, would likely provide inaccurate estimates of ET. The dominant vegetations in the Minjiang Valley were grasslands, conifer forests, and shrub‐lands. Our results confirmed that both ET and PET for three studied meso‐scale watersheds in the Minjiang Valley is relatively low (39.5‐43.8 and 28.2‐47.7% for ET and PET, respectively), with an exception of ET in the Yuzixi watershed being 71.1%. This result is generally consistent with previous research at small watershed scales. Furthermore, the low ET across various scales in the Minjiang Valley may be related to the unique deeply cut valley environment.