饮用水中硝酸盐去除方法比较

本文综述了饮用水中硝酸盐的各种去除方法及其优缺点.通过分析比较,认为离子交换法和生物反硝化法都可用于大规模生产饮用水,但最有发展前途目前研究最多的是生物反硝化法.该法将硝酸盐转化为氮气,无废液产生,处理费用低.但异氧反硝化法需进行复杂的后处理除去过量的有机物,自养反硝化法会造成出水硫酸盐含量增高.     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides - lindane, p,p'-DDT, and heptachlor epoxide - in surface water of China

Persistent organochlorine pesticides pollutants (OCPs) have been reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in some Chinese waters. In order to map the distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the surface water throughout China, samples were collected from over 600 sites in seven major river basins and three main internal rivers drainage areas during 2003 and 2004. The surface water samples were analyzed for the representative organochlorine pesticides contaminants including lindane (gamma-HCH), p,p'-DDT and heptachlor epoxide. In general, the most frequently detected compound was lindane, being detected in 83.9% of samples (mean=31.3 ng/l; range <0.17-860 ng/l), and the highest concentration was present in the Yellow River basin. p,p'-DDT was detected in 63.1% of the samples collected (mean=14.6 ng/l; range <0.14-368 ng/l) with the highest concentration present in the Huaihe River basin. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in only 9.3% of water samples (range <0.11-10 ng/l). Measured concentrations for the three compounds were low and rarely exceed the environment quality standard for surface water of China. Lindane was more frequently detected at much higher concentrations in the rivers of northern China compared with those of southern China. The sites with higher concentration of lindane and p,p'-DDT mainly occurred in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, so the results of this investigation indicate that the organochlorine pesticide contamination of Yellow River and Huaihe River basins should be of particular concern relative to the other basins. When compared with other regions of the world, it appears that the Chinese surface water is moderately polluted by lindane and p,p'-DDT.     

Shifts in enzymatic activities and microbial community structures in the bioenhanced treatment of ship domestic sewage under microaerobic conditions

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A bioenhancement strategy for improving the anaerobic degradation efficiency of ship domestic sewage under microaerobic conditions was proposed in...     

微孔曝气国内外研究进展及趋势分析

分析比较了国内外微孔曝气研究和应用实例,指出了目前微孔曝气技术的研究重点。同时,综合国内外研究人员的研究成果,分别叙述了曝气量、安装水深、安装面积、孔径、水质和气孔堵塞状况对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响,对不同影响因素的作用效果做了总结,并指出目前研究存在的问题。以期对污水处理厂曝气系统的优化提供借鉴,对拟采用微孔曝气法进行生态修复的研究提供参考。     

上海市黑臭水体光谱特征分析及遥感识别方法探究

黑臭水体识别对全面开展黑臭水体整治及长效监管具有重要意义.为探究上海市黑臭水体的识别方法,以其2017年黑臭水体名录为研究对象,选取105条段河道样本,于2018年7—8月进行现场调查,开展水质监测、光谱测量、光谱分析、遥感识别及验证.结果表明:（1）依据上海市中小河道黑臭地方判定标准,样本中共有49个黑臭水体,56个一般水体.（2）将遥感反射率(R_rs)作为光谱分类的主要依据,光谱数据预处理后,共得到4个主要反射峰（F）和3个主要吸收谷（G）,根据波峰波谷位置特征,可将样本分为三类一般水体（GW）、三类黑臭水体（BOW）.（3）R_rs平均值光谱曲线显示,BOW1、BOW3两类水体在550～700 nm处的光谱曲线与其他四类水体存在明显差异,更易识别和区分,而BOW2与GW2两类水体的光谱曲线形态差异较小,增加了识别难度.（4）根据拟合多光谱曲线,提出角度α1法和比值法组合成的角度-比值联合法,经识别验证,黑臭水体的综合识别率为95.92%,对一般水体的误判率为39.29%.（5）将归一化比值模型（BOI法）、黑臭水体斜率指数（SBWI法）、...     

Investigation and assessment of volatile organic compounds in water sources in China

456 water samples collected from 152 water sources in 2006 were analyzed for 21 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Concentrations of 21 VOCs ranged from below method detection limits of the laboratory to 7.65 ??g/L (toluene), but seldom exceeded the concentration limits set in the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (GB5749-2006) or the National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) of China. Of the 21 individual VOCs analyzed, 11 VOCs were detected in at least one sample at or above 1.0 ??g/L; 6.6% of the water samples had a detection of at least one VOC at or above 1.0 ??g/L, and 2.6% had a detection of at least two VOCs at or above 1.0 ??g/L. Based on the statistical data of detection frequencies above the method detection limits, 75% of the samples detected at least one VOC, and 65% of the samples detected at least two VOCs. Chloroform, toluene, and 1,2-dichloroethene were the three most frequently detected VOCs, with detection frequencies of 76.97%, 68.42%, and 44.08%, respectively. Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and gasoline components were the two most frequently detected VOC groups.     

嘉陵江出口段春季水华藻种鉴定

嘉陵江为三峡库区最大支流,对库区水环境具有重要影响,2004年夏进行了嘉陵江出口段藻类活动规律研究,2005年春首次发现嘉陵江出口段小环藻（Cyclotella）暴发。2008年春嘉陵江出口段小环藻暴发水样经中科院武汉水生所鉴定的水华藻种为极小冠盘藻（Stephanodiscus minutulus）,由于极小冠盘藻光学显微特征与小环藻暴发水样中主要小环藻光学显微特征不一致,因此需要弄清春季嘉陵江出口段水华小环藻分类地位。为认知春季嘉陵江出口段水华小环藻种,2009年春季于嘉陵江出口段小环藻发生期间,采集水样,离心浓缩,酸化处理,经电子显微镜扫描得到主要小环藻的电子显微照片,通过中国淡水藻志第四卷硅藻门中心纲相关小环藻特征分析比较,嘉陵江出口段春季水华小环藻种为星肋小环藻（Cyclotella asterocostata Grun.）。     

曝气条件下应用型氧化沟内混合液流态测试及分析

从氧化沟的水力特性入手,实测并分析了混合液在应用型氧化沟内的流态分布特点。结果表明,在曝气机不同的旋转条件下,混合液液流在氧化沟内的流态分布规律具有较高的相似性,上部液流经曝气机加速作用,流速在短时间内急剧增加,而下部液流速度变化不明显,液流随之在沟体内进行流速均布,在返回第一直道时不同水深和内外侧流速已基本达到一致;混合液液流除了受到曝气机的推动力作用外,还受到沟体沿程阻力及弯道局部阻力的作用,导流板对混合液流态也产生了影响;在1.56m水位、120r/min逆时针转动条件下,第一直道末端下部液层内侧与中侧的流速较低,成为沟底污泥淤积的危险区;当转速为100r/min时,能保证氧化沟底混合液流速不小于0.15m/s;在1.56m水位、80r/min顺时针转动条件下,能保证氧化沟底混合液流速不小于0.15m/s。在实际运行中,只有将曝气设备调节到适合的转速才能有效防止污泥在氧化沟沟底沉积。同时,在保证沟底混合液流速满足要求时,为节省动能损耗,还应选择较低的曝气机转速。     

白洋淀湖泊湿地氧化亚氮的排放通量初探

湿地是温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)的源或汇, 研究湿地N2O排放通量的时空变化特性对探究N2O的排放活跃区及减小温室效应有着重要的意义.采用静态箱-气相色谱法对白洋淀湖泊湿地N2O排放通量的时空变化特性及其影响因素进行了初步研究,结果表明白洋淀湖泊湿地N2O的排放呈现明显的时空变化特性,夏季N2O的排放量最大,且湖滨带是其排放的活跃区;白洋淀湖泊湿地优势植被芦苇的生长状况影响N2O的产生与排放,其鲜质量增加量与N2O的排放通量呈负相关性;土壤含水率的变化与N2O的排放通量有着较好的相关性,土壤含水率升高,N2O的排放通量增加;白洋淀湖泊湿地水中亚硝态氮质量浓度与N2O的产生和排放关系密切,随着亚硝态氮质量浓度的增加N2O的排放通量呈对数增长.     

Levels and spatial distribution of chlorophenols - 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in surface water of China

The chlorophenol pollutants (CPs) have been reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in some Chinese waters. To map the distribution of CPs in the surface water throughout China, samples were collected from over 600 sites in the seven major watersheds and three drainage areas. The samples were analyzed for the representative CPs including 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol. In general, it was observed that 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were more frequently detected at higher concentrations in the rivers of North China compared with those of South China. High concentration sites of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol mainly occurred in the Yellow River, Huaihe River, and Haihe River watersheds, while pentachlorophenol contamination mainly occurred in the Yangtze River watershed. The pentachlorophenol was the most ubiquitous CPs being detected in 85.4% of samples (median=50.0ngl(-1); range <1.1-594.0ngl(-1)), 2,4-dichlorophenol was detected in 51.3% (median=5.0ngl(-1); range <1.1-19960.0ngl(-1)) and the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was detected in 54.4% of water samples (median=2.0ngl(-1), range <1.4-28650.0ngl(-1)). The results of this investigation indicated that 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol contaminations of Yellow River, Huaihe River, and Haihe River watersheds were of particular concern, while the pentachlorophenol contamination mainly occurred in the Yangtze River watershed. These results showed that CPs contamination in the surface water of China was similar to other places of the world.