高含盐水样中悬浮物的准确测定

通过理论分析和大量实验工作，找出了现行国家标准的悬浮物测定方法在测定高含盐污水时的不足之处，并且提出了准确的测定方法。新方法不仅能很好地反映水样的实际状况，而且可以推广应用于各种复杂水样的悬浮物的测定。     

不同温度与威百亩联合时对线虫的杀灭效果评价

通过设定不同温度、培养时间及其与熏蒸剂威百亩结合,对青岛、固安、北京三地线虫的杀灭效果进行了测定.结果表明,不添加熏蒸剂时,线虫在50℃、55℃、25℃处理187 h,死亡率分别为100%、100%、10%左右.说明50℃以上不利于线虫的生存.当用威百亩8.4 mg·kg-1处理土壤,在40℃、50℃、25℃培养168 h或威百亩12.8 mg·kg-1处理土壤培养24 h,线虫死亡率分别为100%、100%、60%左右.由此可见,在不利线虫生长的环境条件下,添加少量的熏蒸剂,可显著提高熏蒸剂的杀线虫效果.     

通用机场噪声影响预测评价问题及对策研究

中国通用航空已进入蓬勃发展的新时期,将不可避免地带来噪声影响问题。通过对目前通用机场噪声影响预测评价工作进行总结,发现通用机场噪声影响预测评价存在现有技术导则及规范的针对性不强,机场噪声评价标准的适用性不强,评价等级和范围确定的合理性不足,且缺乏对噪声预测源强进行实测验证,噪声防治措施研究及有效性论证不足等问题。由此提出积极制定适用性强的技术导则和评价标准,以期更好地指导通用机场噪声影响预测评价工作实践。     

Metabolomics identifying biomarkers of PM2.5 exposure for vulnerable population: based on a prospective cohort study

Long-term exposure to particular matter (PM), especially fine PM (< 2.5 μm in the aerodynamic diameter, PM_2.5), is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the association between long-term exposure to PM_2.5/PM₁₀ and the metabolic change in the plasma. Specifically, using metabolomics, we sought to identify the biomarkers for the vulnerable subgroup to PM_2.5 exposure. A total of 78 college student volunteers were recruited into this prospective cohort study. All participants received 8 rounds of physical examinations at twice quarterly. Air purifiers were placed in 40 of 78 participants’ dormitories for 14 days. Before and after intervention, physical examinations were performed and the peripheral blood was collected. Plasma metabolomics was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. During the follow-up, the average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 53 μg/m³ and 93 μg/m³, respectively. Totally, 42 and 120 differential metabolic features were detected for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 exposure, respectively. In total, 25 differential metabolites were identified for PM_2.5 exposure, most of which were phospholipids. No distinctive metabolites were found for PM₁₀ exposure. A total of 6 differential metabolites (lysoPC (P-20:0), lysoPC (P-18:1(9z)), lysoPC (20:1), lysoPC (O-16:0), choline, and found 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one) were characterized and confirmed for sensitive individuals. Importantly, we found LysoPC (P-20:0) and LysoPC (P-18:1(9z)) changed significantly before and after air purifier intervention. Our results indicated that the phospholipid catabolism was involved in long-term PM_2.5 exposure. LysoPC (P-20:0) and LysoPC (P-18:1(9z)) may be the biomarkers of PM_2.5 exposure.

     

Cadmium accumulation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax notoginseng</Emphasis>: levels,affecting factors and the non-carcinogenic health risk

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has been reported to be a problem for the safe usage of Panax notoginseng (Sanchi); thus, it is necessary to elucidate the Cd accumulation in Sanchi and to assess its associated health risk. Samples were collected from major producing areas in Yunnan, China. The average concentration of Cd in Sanchi was 0.43 mg/kg, which exceeds the standard level for herbal medicine in China (0.3 mg/kg). A stepwise regression analysis showed that zinc and the pH were the related factors that most significantly impacted Cd in Sanchi roots. The hazard quotient values were estimated as 0.0010 (men) and 0.0012 (women) for consumers taking preparations and were 0.011 (men) and 0.013 (women) for consumers taking health products, implying that there is no non-carcinogenic hazard associated with Sanchi consumption. However, a Monte Carlo simulation showed that approximately 0.80 % of male and 1.02 % of female consumers via drug consumption and 36.28 % of male and 41.87 % of female consumers via health product consumption had an exposure exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of Cd from drugs (1 % of the total oral ADI as suggested by the World Health Organization). These people should control their oral Cd intake from both Sanchi consumption and diet as a whole.     

深井铁矿井下作业环境监测及评价

通过对某大型深井铁矿井下作业环境的综合测试,掌握了该矿主要作业面的粉尘、有毒有害气体、氡及其子体辐射危害等方面的实测数据。数据分析发现一些凿岩工作面、采矿工作面的粉尘浓度超标,井下主要作业点有毒有害气体浓度低于国家工业卫生标准限定值,但是部分作业点由于通风效果欠佳,氡及其子体辐射水平超过国家卫生标准,井下通风排污效果有待进一步加强。     

室内准稳态压力火灾烟气沉降模型的改进和实验验证

对室内火灾及烟气的研究给消防工程领域带来了诸多益处,如疏散时间预测、基于性能化的设计分析等。Zukoski (Fire and Materials, 1978, 2(2):54-62)在室内火灾烟气运动的开创性研究给出了基于质量和能量平衡的理论方法,为后续研究奠定了基础。然而实验发现,由于忽略热损失偏差,模型对近壁面火源的火灾烟气沉降时间的预测缺乏准确度。本文通过空间重构的方法消除房间长宽比因素造成的热损失偏差,引入两个参数进行表征,以完善该模型。完善后的模型预测烟气沉降时间与实验吻合度非常好,验证了该方法的有效性。在计算分析基础上,将两个参数对模型的影响作了评估,发现其一对模型预测结果的影响远大于另一参数。火源大小确定后,烟气充满房间的时间范围可确定,火源功率越大,时间范围越小。     

2010-2015年我国危险化学品泄漏事故统计分析与对策

针对2010-2015年我国发生的2 636起危险化学品泄漏事故,根据事故总起数和总死亡人数,从事故的发生时间、发生地点、发生环节方面统计分析了危险化学品泄漏事故的致因、特点及其规律.结果表明:2010-2015年期间,我国每年的4～9月份是危险化学品泄漏事故的高发时期;山东、浙江、四川三个省份是危险化学品泄漏事故的高发省份;事故的发生主要集中在运输和储存阶段,占事故总数的93％.最后,针对统计分析结果提出了健全管理机制、普及安全知识、重点区域重点检查等建议来预防危险化学品泄漏事故的发生.     

碱熔－蒸馏－离子选择电极法测定废钻井液中全氟

废钻井液是油气勘探开发的废弃物，目前多采用就地掩埋方式处置。准确测定废钻井液中氟化物的含量，对于评价其对环境可能造成的影响是十分必要的。选用离子选择电极法测定废钻井液中的氟时，对预处理方法进行了试验研究：试验了蒸馏－离子选择电极法、碱熔－离子选择电极法、碱熔－蒸馏－离子选择电极法。结论是：碱熔－蒸馏预处理法综合了碱熔法和蒸馏法各自的优点，能将氟从钻井液中最大程度地蒸馏出来，消除了基体对氟测定的干扰。因此，此法以回收率表示的废钻井液全氟准确度为最高并达到了文献要求，方法可靠。     

富集因子法中参比元素的选取方法——以元江底泥中重金属污染评价为例

富集因子法中参比元素的选择对目标元素富集程度评价及源解析结果有至关重要的影响,盲目选用可能会导致偏颇或错误的结论,但目前鲜有针对参比元素的选择所进行的探讨.本文以元江沉积物中重金属元素污染水平评价及来源解析为例,详细介绍了运用顺序提取法、相关分析法、聚类分析法等化学分析和数理统计相结合并联系研究区域地球化学背景、产业分布及元素特性确定参比元素的方法.并采用所选出的参比元素进行富集因子法分析,将所得重金属污染等级评价结果及重金属来源的推论与地积累指数法对重金属污染等级评价的结果和以因子分析法对重金属溯源的推论相比较.结果表明,利用相关分析和顺序提取等方法选择参比元素是可靠可行的.