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1.
Communication by means of pheromones plays predominant roles in colony integration by social insects. However, almost nothing is known about pheromone processing in the brains of social insects. In this study, we successfully applied intracellular recording and staining techniques to anatomically and physiologically characterize brain neurons of the ant Camponotus obscuripes. We identified 42 protocerebral neurons that responded to undecane and/or formic acid, components of alarm pheromones that evoke attraction or evasive behavior, respectively. Notably, 30 (71%) of these neurons were efferent (output) or feedback neurons of the mushroom body, and many of these exhibited different responses to formic acid and undecane. Eight of the remaining 12 neurons had arborizations in the lateral and/or medial protocerebrum, which receive terminations of efferent neurons of the mushroom body and from which premotor descending neurons originate. The remaining four neurons were bilateral neurons that connect lateral accessory lobes or dorsal protocerebrums of both hemispheres. We suggest that the mushroom body of the ant participates in the processing of alarm pheromones. Seventeen (40%) of 42 neurons exhibited responses to nonpheromonal odors, indicating that the pheromonal and nonpheromonal signals are not fully segregated when they are processed in the protocerebrum. This may be related to modulatory functions of alarm pheromones, i.e., they change alertness of the ant and change responses to a variety of sensory stimuli. 相似文献
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Li LY Ohtsubo M Higashi T Yamaoka S Morishita T 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2007,27(7):932-945
In Japan the volume of municipal solid waste is reduced by incineration, with fly ash and bottom ash disposed in controlled landfills. The leachability of anions and heavy metal cations, Zn, Cu and Pb, from MSW fly ash and bottom ash at different pHs was examined using batch- and column-leaching tests. The MSW ashes had a high capacity for neutralizing acids. Behaviour during leaching depended on the pH of the solution. For the volumes applied, the leachabilities of MSW fly ash were very similar at pHs from 3 to 6. Due to its amphoteric nature, Pb is leachable at pHs of approximately 10 or more, with leachate concentrations of about 3 and 3-10mg/L for the fly ash and bottom ash, respectively, much higher than for Zn and Cu. Pb concentrations for most leaching solutions were 1 and 3mg/L for the fly ash and bottom ash, respectively. Zn, and Cu leached at low concentrations for solutions of pH 3-6. Na and K ions leached at high concentrations of approximately 5000 mg/L in the first batch leaching test, decreasing to 10mg/L by the fourth leach. Ca and Mg ions leached more gradually than Na and K. Cl(-) and SO(4)(2+) ions were the major anions in the MSW ash. The high pH and cation leaching are expected to have negative impacts on the performance of clay liners. 相似文献
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Summary. In this paper we report on the chemical basis for trail recognition in Lasius nipponensis. On and near trails in the field, workers became aggressive against conspecific intruders and succeeded in protective contests, while intruders usually avoided confrontation. Such asymmetric interactions were also observed in the laboratory when two non-nestmate workers were sequentially placed in a clean glass dish, while mutual aggression was observed when they were placed simultaneously. Asymmetric aggression was also observed when the workers were placed in a dish previously conditioned by other workers, or when the dish was treated with the hexane rinse of the conditioned dish. The rinse contained a series of hydrocarbons, in which components and proportion were almost identical to those of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the workers, except for a lack of n-alkanes. Amounts of the hydrocarbons that remained on the dish were very small when all the tarsi of the workers were incapacitated. We therefore consider that the hydrocarbons are not adhesion of the cuticular hydrocarbons but secretion from the tarsi of workers, and serve as a key signal for trail recognition in this ant. 相似文献
4.
Azuma Takashi Arima Natsumi Tsukada Ai Hirami Satoru Matsuoka Rie Moriwake Ryogo Ishiuchi Hirotaka Inoyama Tomomi Teranishi Yusuke Yamaoka Misato Ishida Mao Hisamatsu Kanae Yunoki Ayami Mino Yoshiki 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(23):19021-19030
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The distributions of 31 pharmaceuticals grouped into nine therapeutic classes, including six anticancer drugs, were investigated in the waters and... 相似文献
5.
Marcy C. Speer Margaret A. Pericak-Vance Larry H. Yamaoka James Koh Wu-Yen Hung Peter C. Gaskell Jr. Jeffery M. Vance Richard J. Bartlett Allen D. Roses 《黑龙江环境通报》1988,8(6):427-437
Accurate carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) families is facilitated when an Xp21 deletion is found to be segregating within a family. We discuss the results of the DNA testing in two families, one in which DNA from affected males was available for study and the other in which no DNA from an affected male was available. Factors complicating the counselling of DMD deletion families are outlined. 相似文献
6.
Summary. Trail-following behavior of Lasius japonicus was colony-specific in the field, while trail pheromone activity was not. We found that the footprint substance caused colony-specific trail-following behavior only when working in conjunction with the trail pheromone. The footprint substance alone did not lead the workers to follow trails. The substance consisted mainly of hydrocarbons with composition almost identical to that of cuticular hydrocarbons, except for the absence of n-alkanes. Nestmate workers shared footprint hydrocarbon profiles as well as cuticular hydrocarbons, but the profiles differed among colonies. We therefore consider that the footprint hydrocarbon profiles serve as the trail discrimination signal in L. japonicus. 相似文献
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It has been known that dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) are present in almost all types of environments worldwide. Activated carbon treatment has been expected for the removal of DL-PCBs because it is a simple and low-cost removal technology. In the present study, the physicochemical properties of activated carbon were investigated to identify the characteristics of 16 different types of activated carbon on adsorption properties for DL-PCBs. To accomplish this, micropore volume, and pore diameter were calculated by t-plot analysis and the mesopore volume was analyzed by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. In addition, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pH, metal elements, and surface acid functional groups were analyzed. Then, adsorption experiments using DL-PCB in hexane solution were conducted, and the relationship between adsorption and physicochemical properties of activated carbon was investigated. The results showed that activated carbons having a surface area of 700-1200 m2 g−1 and micropores with diameters of about 0.7-0.8 nm exhibited high activity for the adsorption of PCBs. The results also clearly showed that the mesopore volume of activated carbon influenced the adsorption rate and the equilibrium adsorption. 相似文献
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Teruhiko Takahara Yukihiro Kohmatsu Atsushi Maruyama Ryohei Yamaoka 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(2):235-240
When predator chemical cues are present, low activity of prey is a commonly seen defensive behavior. However, few studies
have explored the functional implications of the defensive behaviors and, thus, elucidated the possible linkages between behavioral
responses and its consequences. In this study, we experimentally investigated how behavioral responses of Hyla japonica tadpoles to predator chemical cues affect vulnerability to a dragonfly nymph Anax parthenope julius. The frequency of tadpoles attacked by dragonfly nymphs was lower with chemical cues of predator was present than without
chemical cues, and most of attacks occurred when tadpoles were mobile. When tadpoles were exposed to chemical cues, on the
other hand, their swimming speed was quicker and swimming distance was longer, respectively, and the rates of being approached
of the swimming tadpoles by dragonfly nymph was lower than those not exposed to chemical cues. We found that the tadpoles
are induced by predator chemical cues not only to generally lower activity but also to swim in bursts as additional behavior
and that the suite of their behavioral responses reduce the vulnerability against dragonfly nymph. Tadpoles can receive information
about the predation risks by chemical cues and adjust their defensive behavior accordingly. 相似文献