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1.
Michael J. Manfredo Jeremy T. Bruskotter Tara L. Teel David Fulton Shalom H. Schwartz Robert Arlinghaus Shigehiro Oishi Ayse K. Uskul Kent Redford Shinobu Kitayama Leeann Sullivan 《Conservation biology》2017,31(4):772-780
The hope for creating widespread change in social values has endured among conservation professionals since early calls by Aldo Leopold for a “land ethic.” However, there has been little serious attention in conservation to the fields of investigation that address values, how they are formed, and how they change. We introduce a social–ecological systems conceptual approach in which values are seen not only as motivational goals people hold but also as ideas that are deeply embedded in society's material culture, collective behaviors, traditions, and institutions. Values define and bind groups, organizations, and societies; serve an adaptive role; and are typically stable across generations. When abrupt value changes occur, they are in response to substantial alterations in the social–ecological context. Such changes build on prior value structures and do not result in complete replacement. Given this understanding of values, we conclude that deliberate efforts to orchestrate value shifts for conservation are unlikely to be effective. Instead, there is an urgent need for research on values with a multilevel and dynamic view that can inform innovative conservation strategies for working within existing value structures. New directions facilitated by a systems approach will enhance understanding of the role values play in shaping conservation challenges and improve management of the human component of conservation. 相似文献
2.
The suppressive effects of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the strong estrogenic activity of 17β-estradiol (E2) in water environments were investigated in this study. Cyclodextrins are doughnut-shaped molecules that possess a hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic exterior. The cavity can incorporate nonpolar molecules as guests to form inclusion complexes. β-CD and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) were the most successful in forming a complex with E2 and improving its low aqueous solubility. The E2/CDs complexes bound to the estrogen receptor in a cell-free system as determined by ELISA and suppressed the hormone activities as measured by a yeast two-hybrid assay. These results indicate that hydrophobic E2 is easily transported through the lipid zone of the plasma membrane into the target cell and can bind to the nuclear receptor. However, the hydrophilic E2/β-CD and E2/HP-β-CD complexes do not penetrate the membrane. Therefore, these CDs are able to suppress the hormone activity of E2 through complex formation. 相似文献
3.
Sano Daisuke Watanabe Ryosuke Oishi Wakana Amarasiri Mohan Kitajima Masaaki Okabe Satoshi 《Food and environmental virology》2021,13(1):84-92
Food and Environmental Virology - This study investigated the influence of viral interference on the detection of enteric viruses using the integrated cell culture (ICC)-PCR with a BGM cell line.... 相似文献
4.
Temporal fluctuations of abundance (or emergence) in small benthic and planktonic crustaceans were studied in shallow subtidal
waters (1.5 to 3.5 m in tide height). The abundances were more or less rhythmic, and showed wide diversity ranging from very
clear nocturnal patterns to patterns in sychrony with the tidal cycle alone. These abundance patterns were classified into
categories relating to the degree of synchrony with day/night and tidal cycles. Nocturnal patterns were especially strong
in benthic crustaceans, which would be inactive during the daytime, being attached to algae and stones or disappearing into
rock crevices, and actively swim in the water at night. Mysis larvae also showed a clear nocturnal pattern. Their lifestyle
might be similar to that of many benthic animals. Other planktonic crustaceans drifting in the water showed weak nocturnal
patterns. In some planktonic crustaceans (e.g., Calanoida), the ratio of abundance in the surface and bottom samples was reversed
between day and night. Their pattern might be a manifestation of weak diel vertical movement between day and night. Furthermore,
most patterns of zooplankton and benthos were modified in synchrony with tides to various degrees. Small crustaceans may respond
to changes of hydrologic variables fluctuating with the tides, which may exogenously produce a weak tidal component in their
emergence patterns.
Received: 12 January 1998 / Accepted: 29 August 1998 相似文献
5.
The decomposition of hydroperfluorocarboxylic acids [H-PFCAs; HCnF2nCOOH (n = 4 and 6)] induced by heteropolyacid photocatalyst H4SiW12O40 in water was investigated, and the results are compared with the results for the corresponding perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs; CnF2n+1COOH). This is the first report on the photochemical decomposition of H-PFCAs, which are being developed as alternative surfactants to environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative PFCAs. H-PFCAs were not decomposed by irradiation with UV-Visible light (>290 nm) in the absence of H4SiW12O40. In contrast, UV-Visible light irradiation of H-PFCAs in the presence of H4SiW12O40 efficiently decomposed H-PFCAs to F− and CO2. The decomposition reactions showed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the decomposition rate constants were 1.8-2.5 times higher than those for the corresponding PFCAs. The reaction mechanism can be explained by elimination of H+ from the ω-H atom of the H-PFCAs by the excited catalyst, followed by formation of perfluorodicarboxylic acids. 相似文献
6.
Tetsuo Yasutaka Yumi Iwasaki Shizuka Hashimoto Wataru Naito Kyoko Ono Atsuo Kishimoto Kikuo Yoshida Michio Murakami Isao Kawaguchi Toshihiro Oka Junko Nakanishi 《Chemosphere》2013
Despite the enormous cost of radiation decontamination, there has been almost no quantitative discussion on how much it would reduce the long-term external radiation exposure in the Evacuation Zone and Planned Evacuation Zone (restricted zone) in Fukushima. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of decontamination and return options and to identify important parameters for estimating the long-term cumulated effective dose (CED) during 15, 30 and 70 year period using data on land-use, population and decontamination in the restricted zone (about 1100 km2) in Fukushima. 相似文献
7.
Jun Kobayashi Takeo Sakurai Kaoruko Mizukawa Kyoko Kinoshita Nozomi Ito Shunji Hashimoto Daisuke Nakajima Toru Kawai Yoshitaka Imaizumi Hideshige Takada Noriyuki Suzuki 《Chemosphere》2013
We investigated the respiratory uptake kinetics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organohalogen pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE #47) in a marine benthic fish, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae. The respiratory uptake efficiencies (EW) of the chemicals, of which there have been no reports for the majority of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), were obtained by measuring the respiratory uptake rate constants (k1) and the oxygen consumption rates of fish. Fish were exposed to water in which these chemicals were dissolved at environmentally relevant concentrations for 28 d, followed by 168 d of depuration in clean seawater. The k1 and EW values for 99 compounds were obtained, and they ranged from 2000 to 42 000 L kg-lipid−1 d−1 and from 0.060 to 1.3, respectively. The EW values of the chemicals, except for PAHs, tended to increase with increasing values of the log octanol–water partition coefficients (KOW) of the chemicals up to a log KOW of 5. For log KOW in the range 3–5, the EW values in this study were much lower than those in a published study (about one-third). As a result of analysis by a two-phase resistance model, the resistance of transport rates to the lipid phase in this study was lower than was the case in the published study. These findings indicate that the EW predicted by the published study for log KOW in the range 3–5 may differ among fish species and water temperature, and further study is needed. 相似文献
8.
9.
Yoshitaka Oishi 《Environmental management》2013,51(6):1126-1136
Trail settings in national parks are essential management tools for improving both ecological conservation efforts and the quality of visitor experiences. This study proposes a plan for the appropriate maintenance of trails in Chubusangaku National Park, Japan, based on the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) approach. First, we distributed 452 questionnaires to determine park visitors’ preferences for setting a trail (response rate = 68 %). Respondents’ preferences were then evaluated according to the following seven parameters: access, remoteness, naturalness, facilities and site management, social encounters, visitor impact, and visitor management. Using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, the visitors were classified into seven groups. Last, we classified the actual trails according to the visitor questionnaire criteria to examine the discrepancy between visitors’ preferences and actual trail settings. The actual trail classification indicated that while most developed trails were located in accessible places, primitive trails were located in remote areas. However, interestingly, two visitor groups seemed to prefer a well-conserved natural environment and, simultaneously, easily accessible trails. This finding does not correspond to a premise of the ROS approach, which supposes that primitive trails should be located in remote areas without ready access. Based on this study’s results, we propose that creating trails, which afford visitors the opportunity to experience a well-conserved natural environment in accessible areas is a useful means to provide visitors with diverse recreation opportunities. The process of data collection and analysis in this study can be one approach to produce ROS maps for providing visitors with recreational opportunities of greater diversity and higher quality. 相似文献
10.
Masahide Aikawa Toshimasa Ohara Takatoshi Hiraki Okihiro Oishi Akihiro Tsuji Makiko Yamagami Kentaro Murano Hitoshi Mukai 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(3):381-391
We found a significant geographic gradient (longitudinal and latitudinal) in the sulfate (SO42?) concentrations measured at multiple sites over the East Asian Pacific Rim region. Furthermore, the observed gradient was well reproduced by a regional chemical transport model. The observed and modeled SO42? concentrations were higher at the sites closer to the Asian continent. The concentrations of SO42? from China as calculated by the model also showed the fundamental features of the longitudinal/latitudinal gradient. The proportional contribution of Chinese SO42? to the total in Japan throughout the year was above 50–70% in the control case, using data for Chinese sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission from the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (40–60% in the low Chinese emissions case, using Chinese SO2 emissions data from the State Environmental Protection Administration of China), with a winter maximum of approximately 65–80%, although the actual concentrations of SO42? from China were highest in summer. The multiple-site measurements and the model analysis strongly suggest that the SO42? concentrations in Japan were influenced by the outflow from the Asian continent, and this influence was greatest in the areas closer to the Asian continent. In contrast, we found no longitudinal/latitudinal gradient in SO2 concentrations; instead SO2 concentrations were significantly correlated with local SO2 emissions. Our results show that large amounts of particulate sulfate are transported over long distances from the East Asian Pacific Rim region, and consequently the SO42? concentrations in Japan are controlled by the transboundary outflow from the Asian continent. 相似文献