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Masaaki Kitajima Brandon C. Iker Andri T. Rachmadi Eiji Haramoto Charles P. Gerba 《Food and environmental virology》2014,6(3):213-216
Salivirus/klassevirus sequences were identified in 7 (15 %) wastewater samples collected in Arizona monthly for a year, with the highest concentration of 2.28 × 105 and 2.46 × 104 copies/L in influent and effluent, respectively. This is the first report of quantification and genetic analysis of salivirus/klassevirus in water samples in the United States. 相似文献
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The use of heuristic judgments is prevalent in organizations and negatively impacts accurate employee assessments. To minimize the negative impact of heuristic judgments (i.e., anchoring and adjustment), we aim to improve rating accuracy by restructuring frame‐of‐reference (FOR) training. We conducted five studies (N = 1,143) using different samples (three including participants with hiring experience), training environments (onsite and online), and rating contexts (evaluations of sales representatives, teachers, contract negotiation specialists, and retail store managers). Across the five studies, the average improvement in rating accuracy was at least twice as large for restructured FOR (vs. control) training as it was for typical FOR (vs. control) training; the difference in rating accuracy between restructured and typical FOR training was statistically significant. Furthermore, minimizing the anchoring effect rather than increasing opportunities for rating adjustments improved rating accuracy (Study 4). Finally, restructured FOR training achieved higher criterion validity (i.e., a higher strength of the association between ratings regarding a target and the target's objective performance) than did typical FOR training (Studies 3 and 5). We discuss implications for improving the effectiveness of diverse training programs and the accuracy of judgments in organizations. 相似文献
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The euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias Holt and Tattersall, 1906 is considered to be a neritic species. It has been found in greatest abundance along the Antarctic
continental margins, often in association with regions of pack ice. Although E. crystallorophias has been observed at some islands to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula, the species has not previously been reported from
islands of the maritime- or sub-Antarctic further north. During an oceanographic transect in November 1997 from South Georgia
to the South Sandwich Islands, acoustic observations revealed a dense, discrete pelagic target at 50 m. The target was fished
and was found to be an aggregation of small E. crystallorophias. The fishing location (54.48°S; 30.61°W) was >1500 km from the Antarctic continent, and >250 km from the nearest land, in
water of several thousands of metres depth – clearly a non-neritic environment. Examination of hydrographic data revealed
that the E. crystallorophias swarm had been located within a fast-flowing band of water that had characteristics of water found near the Antarctic Peninsula.
This band was ≃150 km wide, and had a speed ranging from 9 to 22 km d−1 in a north-easterly direction. The possible origins of this E. crystallorophias swarm are explored in the light of the eddy-dominated current patterns prevalent in the Weddell–Scotia Confluence region,
and with reference to published growth-rate estimates for the species. We discuss the potential for long-distance dispersal
of E. crystallorophias and other neritic species in fast current jets, and examine how such oceanographic features could facilitate long-distance
dispersal, colonization, and gene flow.
Received: 23 November 1998 / Accepted: 25 March 1999 相似文献
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Effects of management and climate on elk brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paul C Cross William H Edwards Brandon M Scurlock Eric J Maichak Jared D Rogerson 《Ecological applications》2007,17(4):957-964
Every winter, government agencies feed approximately 6000 metric tons (6 x 10(6) kg) of hay to elk in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) to limit transmission of Brucella abortus, the causative agent of brucellosis, from elk to cattle. Supplemental feeding, however, is likely to increase the transmission of brucellosis in elk, and may be affected by climatic factors, such as snowpack. We assessed these possibilities using snowpack and feeding data from 1952 to 2006 and disease testing data from 1993 to 2006. Brucellosis seroprevalence was strongly correlated with the timing of the feeding season. Longer feeding seasons were associated with higher seroprevalence, but elk population size and density had only minor effects. In other words, the duration of host aggregation and whether it coincided with peak transmission periods was more important than just the host population size. Accurate modeling of disease transmission depends upon incorporating information on how host contact rates fluctuate over time relative to peak transmission periods. We also found that supplemental feeding seasons lasted longer during years with deeper snowpack. Therefore, milder winters and/or management strategies that reduce the length of the feeding season may reduce the seroprevalence of brucellosis in the elk populations of the southern GYE. 相似文献