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Runoff coefficients are usually considered in isolation for each drainage area with resulting large uncertainties in the areas
and coefficients. Accurate areas and coefficients are obtained here by optimizing runoff coefficients for characteristic Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) subareas within each drainage area so that the resulting runoff coefficients of each drainage area
are consistent with those obtained from runoff and rainfall volumes. Lack of fit can indicate that the ArcGIS information
is inaccurate or more likely, that the drainage area needs adjustment. Results for 18 drainage areas in Milwaukee, WI for
2000–2004 indicate runoff coefficients ranging from 0.123 for a mostly residential area to 0.679 for a freeway-related land,
with a standard error of 0.047. Optimized runoff coefficients are necessary input parameters for monitoring, and for the analysis
and design of in situ stormwater unit operations and processes for the control of both urban runoff quantity and quality. 相似文献
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A load model for stormwater constituents is proposed that describes mass retained on the drainage area after previous storms, as a function of a weighted sum of previous antecedent dry periods. It was used to compute the event load for 14 constituents--zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, chromium, lead, mercury, silver, total suspended solids (TSS), E. coli, fecal coliform, total soluble phosphorus, total phosphorus, and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand. The results show acceptable fits for most constituents based on over 400 rain events (2000 to 2004) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Considering the retained pollutant mass after one previous storm rather than assuming the area to be clean after the previous storm gives more accurate results for all constituents, except TSS and silver. The model can be used for mixed land-use areas. The ratios of deposition fluxes of zinc and individual metals were determined at a major parking lot producing a profile characteristic of automobile emissions. 相似文献
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