锰渣填埋场渗滤液及周边水体的水化学特征和质量评价

本文在分析锰渣填埋场区渗滤液及周边水体水化学组成的基础上,运用改进的水质量指数(WQI)进行了水质评价,阐述了填埋场渗滤液对下游水体的影响过程。结果表明,研究区渗滤液pH呈中性偏酸性,EC在1 780~44 500μS/cm之间,渗滤液中NH4-N、Mn2+、Mg2+、SO2-4、NO-3的浓度较高,并呈现SO2-4Mn2+Mg2+NH+4-N的特征,并且浓度与堆存时间呈负相关性。填埋场下游水体的重金属浓度微量,但NH4-N和Mn2+浓度较高,均超过GB 3838—2002和GB/T 14848—93规定的限值,其中2014年5月份某地下水的这两个参数分别超标243倍和488倍。改进的WQI指数评价结果显示,地表水的渗滤液水污染指数(LWPI)值在2.89~7.83之间,受影响的地下水为172,说明渗滤液已对锰渣填埋场下游水体造成严重影响。     

利用富乙酸剩余污泥厌氧发酵液产中链脂肪酸

为实现剩余污泥的资源化利用,探索了混菌体系中以剩余污泥为底物连续产中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)的可行性。本研究基于乙醇/乙酸人工配制废水,采用热碱水解污泥-短期厌氧发酵-微生物碳链延长(CE)反应的“两相发酵”技术合成MCFAs,并逐步优化水力停留时间(HRT)与底物醇酸比以驯化厌氧污泥微生物。结果表明：在为期135 d的连续模式CE过程中,在醇酸比为2∶1的条件下,驯化期(Phase Ⅰ~Ⅲ)的HRT由20 d逐步缩减至5 d后,典型CE微生物Clostridium sensu stricto_12成为优势菌种,其相对丰度升至65.21%,但己酸产率仅为775 mg∙(L∙d)⁻¹;当醇酸比提高至3∶1 (Phase Ⅳ),己酸产率升至1 402 mg∙(L∙d)⁻¹,MCFAs产物选择性明显提高。将实验期(Phase Ⅴ)系统中的底物置换为污泥厌氧发酵液,己酸产率依然稳定保持在1 400 mg∙(L∙d)⁻¹,表明功能微生物组的结构稳定。宏基因组分析结果显示,逆向β-氧化(RBO)和脂肪酸生物合成（FAB）代谢通路均参与了CE过程的MCFAs合成;另外,相较于乙醇/乙酸人工配制废水,污泥发酵液可提高这2种代谢通路的关键酶丰度。本研究证实了污泥连续发酵产MCFAs的可行性,并阐明了过程中微生物的生态功能机制,可为污泥资源化利用提供参考。     

废旧线路板真空热解油合成热固性酚醛树脂

以废旧线路板真空热解油为原料,NaOH为催化剂,与甲醛的缩聚反应合成热固性酚醛树脂(TPR),重点考察了合成条件对产物固含量的影响。结果表明,合成热固性酚醛树脂的最佳条件为:每38.5 g热解油加入甲醛、催化剂分别为40 g、10 g,第1阶段温度为60℃、反应时间为3 h,第2阶段温度为95℃、反应时间按为3 h,其中催化剂的加入量是最主要的影响因素。通过红外光谱分析(IR)及热重分析(TG)测定了合成产物的结构和性能,并对产物进行了力学性能的检测。结果证明,以热解油为原料合成的酚醛树脂出现了CH2、CH—OH等特征峰,且产物的耐热温度在300℃以上,拉伸强度达到了39.6 MPa,与以苯酚为原料合成的酚醛树脂相近,研究结果表明,真空热加油为原料合成酚醛树脂是可行的。     

Macromolecule simulation studies on mechanical properties and CH4/CO2 adsorption characteristics in bituminous coal matrix based on uniaxial tension–compression effect

With the increasing complication of production and geology conditions, and the increase of mining intensity and depth in coal mine, the coal structure presents varying degrees of deformation. In order to study the influence of uniaxial tension–compression effect on mechanical properties of coal matrix and CH₄/CO₂ adsorption characteristics, a macromolecular model reflecting the realistic bituminous coal structure was established. Results demonstrate that the influence of tension strain on the microporous structural parameters is greater than that of compression strain, and the tension strain weakens the mechanical properties but enhances the adsorbates adsorption amount. For the pure gases adsorption, there is a negative linear correlation between the total energy and adsorption amount. Additionally, the strain ranging from??0.20 to 0.20, the distribution of punctated adsorbates density develops to that of banded adsorbates density, and the mean adsorption density and saturated adsorption amount increase linearly. For the binary components adsorption (1:1), the CH₄ adsorption strength increases while the CO₂ adsorption strength slightly decreases. The minimum of total energy decreases in a quadratic polynomial relationship with the strain, and the proportion of van der Waals energy is 75.8–85.5%. Nevertheless, the competitive adsorption and strain have little effect on the potential energy range of the adsorbates. Furthermore, the diffusibility of CO₂ molecular layers is relatively good, and the strain enhances the stability of CH₄ molecular layers for the saturated binary adsorption. The findings provide essential guidance for the improvement of carbon capture and storage and CO₂-enhanced coalbed methane technologies in the deformation area of coal seam.

     

欧洲国家安全生产监督管理及对我国的启示

从安全生产的法律法规和监管体系、企业生产现状、安全意识和安全科技等方面分析研究了欧洲国家在安全生产工作方面的经验与方法,并在法制体制机制建设、企业自主安全、安全技术与科研、教育培训等方面对我国安全生产监督管理工作提出了相应的启示和建议。