Generation and distribution of PAHs in the process of medical waste incineration

After the deadly earthquake on May 12, 2008 in Wenchuan county of China, several different incineration approaches were used for medical waste disposal. This paper investigates the generation properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the incineration. Samples were collected from the bottom ash in an open burning slash site, surface soil at the open burning site, bottom ash from a simple incinerator, bottom ash generated from the municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator used for medical waste disposal, and bottom ash and fly ash from an incinerator exclusively used for medical waste. The species of PAHs were analyzed, and the toxicity equivalency quantities (TEQs) of samples calculated. Analysis results indicate that the content of total PAHs in fly ash was 1.8 × 10³ times higher than that in bottom ash, and that the strongly carcinogenic PAHs with four or more rings accumulated sensitively in fly ash. The test results of samples gathered from open burning site demonstrate that Acenaphthylene (ACY), Acenaphthene (ACE), Fluorene (FLU), Phenanthrene (PHE), Anthracene (ANT) and other PAHs were inclined to migrate into surrounding environment along air and surface watershed corridors, while 4- to 6-ring PAHs accumulated more likely in soil. Being consistent with other studies, it has also been confirmed that increases in both free oxygen molecules and combustion temperatures could promote the decomposition of polycyclic PAHs. In addition, without the influence of combustion conditions, there is a positive correlation between total PCDD/Fs and total PAHs, although no such relationship has been found for TEQ.     

基于密相半干法脱硫工艺的生石灰消化及改性

以某公司生产的生石灰作为脱硫剂,密相半干法脱硫工艺在某炼铁厂烧结烟气脱硫工程的应用为例,对生石灰的消化反应和调质改性进行实验,考察其满足脱硫要求的最佳消化条件和烧结机头灰作为改性剂的比重。实验表明,当水灰比在1.5～1.7、生石灰粒径在200μm以下、消化温度在55℃左右、搅拌轴转速在15～25 r/min的范围内,可以保证生石灰有最佳的转化率,烧结机头灰占比重的5%时为最佳改性剂量;同时对实验的工程运行成本和脱硫效果进行分析,使用自制改性脱硫剂即可以节约运行成本和水电资源,又能提高脱硫效果,为脱硫设备的长期稳定运行提供了可靠依据。     

密相半干法低温同时脱硫脱硝影响因素

针对90~160℃的低温条件下,SO₂对钙基吸收剂吸收NO_x的影响进行了实验研究,分析了烟气温度T、含氧率、含湿量等对SO₂促进钙基吸收剂吸收NO_x的影响。实验结果表明,当烟气中SO₂浓度的升高可促进钙基吸收剂对NO_x的吸收;同时,维持反应系统在9.2%的含湿量;保证烟气温度在结露点以上,使系统在90~100℃的温度区间;控制系统漏风率,防止含氧率的升高;保证前端电除尘效率的同时,将一部分电除尘捕集到的灰尘作为钙基脱硫剂的添加剂,并使之参与脱硫反应器内的钙基吸收剂循环过程中;可较多地脱除烟气中的污染物质。     

脱硫灰用作钙质材料制备蒸压加气混凝土砖块

为实现半干法脱硫灰的资源化利用,采用半干法脱硫灰作为蒸压加气混凝土砖块中的钙质材料。对脱硫灰进行预处理,使其在含水量20%条件下消化2 h后,烘干。在其他条件不变情况下,掺入经过预处理后的脱硫灰,砖块的抗压强度会有明显的提高。增加经过预处理后的脱硫灰的掺入量,可以在不影响砖块的抗压强度性能的基础之上,降低砖块的干燥收缩值和导热系数,同时提高砖块的抗冻性能和保温隔热性能。     

缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物排放特征及影响因素

随着经济的发展,机动车排放已成为大气颗粒物的重要来源,能够影响人类健康和气候变化.本研究通过整车转鼓实验对国V缸内直喷（GDI）汽油车的颗粒物排放水平及化学组成进行了研究,并探究了汽油车颗粒物排放的影响因素.研究结果表明,我国GDI汽油车的PM、OC、EC排放因子分别为（43.4±16.2）、（11.0±3.5）及（20.5±8.1）mg·kg^-1,其中EC的排放显著高于同类研究.为探索导致颗粒物排放区别的影响因素,本研究探讨了燃油类型、启动方式和循环设定对汽油车颗粒物排放的影响.结果表明,燃油类型（添加体积分数10%的乙醇与纯汽油）对颗粒物排放影响不大.冷启动会排放更多的颗粒物.同时,循环方式也会影响颗粒物排放,中国工况循环（CLTC）会排放比全球测试循环（WLTC）更多的颗粒物,这可能与我国更多的缓加速情况相关.     

Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy

Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs (volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/small-sized cities in North China Plain (NCP). A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019. A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected. The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m³, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m³ and 32.1 ± 27. 8 μg/m³, in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP). Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP). VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction. PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion (33.1%), LPG usage (19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation (15.8%), solvent usage (15.2%), industrial (9.11%) and biogenic (7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively. Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources; and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry, suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.     

Impact of emissions controls on ambient carbonyls during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Beijing,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Beijing and its surrounding areas implemented a series of stringent measures to ensure good air quality during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation...     

基于北京清河流域水质提升的入河排污口排放要求确定策略研究

为探究基于流域水质目标的入河排污口排放标准与排污许可的实施路径,以北京清河为例,通过入河排污口实地摸排,确定了22个入河排污口和5个河道断面,并于2019年3—10月对27个采样点进行12次水样采集,对水样COD、氨氮、TN和TP进行检测。基于研究河段实测数据,应用MIKE11模型构建流域水动力水质模型,分析3种情景组合的截污纳管方案(方案1)、截污减排方案(方案2)对河段水质的改善效果,以及减排方案在雨期、非雨期对河段水质的污染影响。结果表明:(1)与方案1相比,方案2下研究河段水质状况明显改善,下游出水断面(Q5断面)的COD、氨氮、TN和TP模拟值分别降低49.08%、61.27%、65.80%、63.86%;COD、氨氮、TN和TP排放总量分别削减了541.95、46.13、216.79、8.30t/a。(2)雨期雨水汇入河段后,各污染物达标情况反而恶化,因此应做好入河排污口的污染管控,科学控制入河排污口雨期污染。     

Secondary organic aerosol formation from straw burning using an oxidation flow reactor

Herein, we use an oxidation flow reactor, Gothenburg: Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor, to investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from wheat straw burning. Biomass burning emissions are exposed to high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to simulate processes equivalent to atmospheric oxidation of 0-2.55 days. Primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated, and particles were measured before and after the Go: PAM reactor. The influence of water content (i.e. 5% and 11%) in wheat straw was also explored. Two burning stages, the flaming stage, and non-flaming stages, were identified. Primary particle emission factors (EFs) at a water content of 11% (∼3.89 g/kg-fuel) are significantly higher than those at a water content of 5% (∼2.26 g/kg-fuel) during the flaming stage. However, the water content showed no significant influence at the non-flaming stage. EFs of aromatics at a non-flaming stage (321.8±46.2 mg/kg-fuel) are larger than that at a flaming stage (130.9±37.1 mg/kg-fuel). The OA enhancement ratios increased with the increase in OH exposure at first and decreased with the additional increment of OH exposure. The maximum OA enhancement ratio is ∼12 during the non-flaming stages, which is much higher than ∼ 1.7 during the flaming stages. The mass spectrum of the primary wheat burning organic aerosols closely resembles that of resolved biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) based on measurements in ambient air. Our results show that large gap (∼60%-90%) still remains to estimate biomass burning SOA if only the oxidation of VOCs were included.     

珠海市秋季大气挥发性有机物变化趋势和大气化学反应活性

为探究珠海市大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）的来源和影响,制定有效的臭氧控制政策,本研究利用在线气相色谱-质谱仪/火焰离子检测器（Online-GC-MS/FID）于2016年9-10月对珠海市大气中96种VOCs进行了测量,并分析了珠海市大气VOCs的组成特征、日变化趋势、来源及其对臭氧生成的贡献.研究结果表明：珠海市大气VOCs中烷烃的体积混合比最高,其次为芳香烃;烷烃、芳香烃日变化趋势明显,具有双峰特征;珠海市大气中丙烷、异戊二烯和芳香烃分别来自于液化石油气（LPG）、天然源和工业排放.通过反向轨迹分析发现,来自珠三角内陆地区的气团传输对珠海VOCs污染具有重要贡献,其对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）的影响主要来自芳香烃.VOCs活性分析表明,芳香烃和烷烃是珠海市OFP的最主要贡献者,其中甲苯、间/对二甲苯和乙烯是对OFP贡献最大的物种,因此控制人为源VOCs排放是未来珠海市臭氧污染控制的重点.