Distribution of airborne particles from multi-emission source

The purpose of this work was to study the distribution of airborne particles in the surroundings of an iron and steel factory in southern Finland. Several sources of particulate emissions are lying side by side, causing heavy dust loading to the environment. This complicated multi-pollutant situation was studied mainly by SEM/EDX methodology.Particles accumulated on Scots pine bark were identified andquantitatively measured according to their element content,size and shape. As a result, distribution maps of particulateelements were drawn and the amount of different particle typesalong the study lines was plotted. Particulate emissions fromthe industrial or energy production processes were not themain dust source. Most emissions were produced from theclinker crusher. Numerous stockpiles of the industrial wastesand raw materials also gave rise to particulate emissions as aresult of wind erosion. It was concluded that SEM/EDXmethodology is a useful tool for studying the distribution ofparticulate pollutants.     

Status of air pollution in Beijing

A study has been made on elements organic constituents, TSP, SO2,NO2 of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing. 17 elements, and some PAHs, e. g. B(a)P, B(b, j, k)P, and B(g, h, i)P, in airborne particles by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC, GC/MS, have been determined respectively. It has been shown that the elements Pb, Zn, S and Cu were more enriched in fine particles and different valence states of sulfur at various sites. It was found that the concentrations of S6+ and S2-were more than 85% and less than 15% of the total sulfur respectively. Concentrations of major PAHs and sulfur-containing compounds increased in winter and in urban area. High values for Pb and Zn in city, Fe and Mn at industrial area and Cu, Al rural sites were obtained respectively. This implies the functions of different elemental sources of various sites. Thus, elements can be from distingushed anthropogenic and natural sources.The main contribution of SO2 was found of to have same seasonal variation as the anthropogenic el     

FCR多级接触氧化系统处理乳品工业废水的研究

为提高乳品工业废水生物处理的去污脱氮能力,以新型螺旋状纤维填料作为载体,采用多级氧化槽内不同种类微生物形成的食物链系统（food chain reactor）,详细考察了不同水力停留时间COD、TN、NH^＋₄-N、TP等的去除率及其去除机理,并对污泥减量化效果进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当进水COD为842～1 843 　mg/L、TN为36.3～92.2 　mg/L、NH^＋₄-N为30.1～52.1 　mg/L,HRT=6　h时,系统COD的平均去除率达到93.3%;TN和NH⁺₄-N的去除效果显著,其平均去除率分别达到73.3%和80.7%,出水COD、TN、NH⁺₄-N平均值分别为79.4　mg/L、9.6 　mg/L、6.1　mg/L,均低于《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978-2002）的一级标准.该系统不仅具有较高的去污脱氮效果,而且产生的剩余污泥量极少,其污泥产率的平均值为7.7%.该系统运行费用低,操作管理方便,长期运行稳定,可应用于城市污水、中高浓度有机废水（如餐厅污水、食品工业废水）等的处理.     

Low-dose irradiation by electron beam for the treatment of high-SOx flue gas on a semi-pilot scale—Consideration of by-product quality and approach to clean technology

Attention has been focused on the treatment of lignite-fired flue gas in order to use lignite in an environmentally friendly way – (i) low-CO₂ emission, (ii) production of a valuable by-product, (iii) no discharge of wastewater, (iv) direct removal of SO₃ (strong toxicity), and (v) treatment of high SO₂ concentration. Based on these criteria, electron beam irradiation with ammonia injection was tested on a semi-pilot scale: 800 Nm³ h^?1 flow rate, 5500 ppm SO₂, 70 ppm NO_x, 22% flue gas moisture, and 75–80 °C at the reactor outlet.As an energy-saving measure, a low dose (5 kGy) of irradiation was applied: the problem lay in the by-product quality. It is considered that (NH₄)₂SO₃ and NH₄HSO₃ produced by thermal reactions are oxidized to form (NH₄)₂SO₄ (fertilizer) by an electron beam. However, not all reactions were complete because the by-product contained small amounts of H₂SO₄ and NH₂SO₃NH₄ (herbicide), so a vegetable pot test was performed to study the by-product quality: no adverse effect was observed. It is inferred from the pot test that slightly acidic soil may protect vegetables from disease and a small amount of NH₂SO₃NH₄ probably affects woody species and not herbaceous species.It is concluded that the electron beam system is noted as a multi-component pollution control process (removal of NO_x, SO₃, SO₂ and dioxins) and this system will contribute to environmentally friendly use of lignite as well as agricultural productivity via fertilizer supply.     

H and O isotopic differences in typhon and urban-induced heavy rain in Tokyo

Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen of water are useful tracers of the hydrological cycle. For example, isotopes monitor the evapotranspiration in vegetated areas, local snow ice processes and stream water flow processes. δ¹⁸O and δD in rainwater reflect the processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. Heavy rains thus modify the stable isotope ratio of ground water, stream water and transpiration water vapor. However, the controlling factors of δ¹⁸O and δD are not clear. Here we analyzed the inorganic ion concentration and stable isotope ratio in 38 normal rainwater and 15 heavy rainwater samples were collected in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, during four years from October 2012 to December 2015. Results show a decrease in δ¹⁸O and δD values with the total rainfall amount, thus highlighting the amount effect. δ¹⁸O and δD volume-weighted mean values in typhoon heavy rain were higher than the values estimated from amount effect, whereas δ¹⁸O and δD volume-weighted mean values in urban-induced heavy rain were lower. Typhoon heavy rain has high Na⁺ ratio and stable isotope ratios, while urban-induced heavy rain has low Na⁺ ratio and stable isotope ratio.     

The Effect of Local Biomass Projects on Energy Balance and GHG Emission: A Life Cycle Approach

Emerging attention has been given to the use of biomass in local areas for its contribution to reducing fossil fuel dependence and mitigating global warming. The objective of the present study is to develop a method that quantitatively assesses the effects of local biomass projects on fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. A practical method based on a life cycle approach is proposed and applied to a case of bioethanol project in Miyako Islands of Japan. The project is aiming to produce bioethanol from molasses within the islands, and to replace the entire gasoline consumed in the islands to E3 fuel (i.e., a mixture of 3% ethanol and 97% gasoline by volume). The assessment using the developed method revealed that, first, the complete shift from gasoline to E3 fuel allows for decreases in fossil fuel consumption and GHG emission. Second, the performance of the project is improved by the integration of the ethanol plant and the sugar factory. Moreover, the assessment found that, in small-scale bioethanol projects, the contribution of capital goods to life cycle fuel consumption and GHG emission is not negligible.     

Influence of chemical characteristics of humic substances on the partition coefficient of a chlorinated dioxin

The partition coefficients (Koc) of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) with respect to a variety of humic substances (HSs) were evaluated by a method involving solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-electron capture detection. The log Koc values for each of the HS samples were in the range of 6.4-7.7. The log Koc values for HAs from tropical peat, brown forest and ando soils were in the range of 7.3-7.6, similar to the calculated value for the octanol-water partition coefficient (log Koc=7.56). In contrast, the log Koc values for FAs and peat HAs were 0.5-1 unit lower than the calculated value. The parameters for the polarity of HSs, as calculated from (N+O)/C, O/C atomic ratios and the carboxyl group content, were numerically similar related to the log Koc for HpCDD. These results show that the Koc values for HpCDD are significantly influenced by the polarity of HSs.