Non-aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments near the Pearl River estuary in the South China Sea

Surface sediment samples at 4 sites along an offshore transect from outer continental shelf off the Pearl River estuary to the shelf slope region of the northern South China Sea, have been analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), solvent extractable organic matter (EOM) and non-aromatic hydrocarbons. TOC, TN and EOM show distinct spatial variations. Their highest values are all recorded at the shelf slope region. EOM varies from 18.70-38.58 microgg(-1) dry sediment and accounts for 0.20-0.72% of the TOC contents. The non-aromatic hydrocarbons are an important fraction of EOM. Their contents range from 3.43-7.06 microgg(-1) dry sediment. n-Alkanes with carbon number ranging from 15-38 are identified. They derive from both biogenic and petrogenic sources in different proportions. Results of isoprenoid hydrocarbons, hopanes and steranes also suggest possible petroleum contamination.     

振动法测试预应力拉杆工作内力

预应力拉杆弯曲刚度较小,其振动频率近似于绳索,故可借用绳索振动原理对拉杆轴力进行测定.以某游泳馆拱下预应力拉杆检测为例,应用振动法测试拉杆的工作内力.     

生物质炭特性及其对土壤性质的影响与作用机制

生物质炭(biochar)是一种碳含量高、比表面积大、孔隙度高且吸附能力强的土壤改良与修复材料,可通过物理、化学和生物方式作用于土壤,但其影响和作用机制随土壤性质和生物质炭类型不同而异.从生物质炭组成、比表面积和孔隙度、酸碱度及表面官能团等特性与原料和制备工艺关系入手,结合土壤和生物质炭类型,综合阐述了生物质炭添加在改...     

不同粒径方解石在不同pH值时对磷的等温吸附特征与吸附效果

以天然方解石为材料,研究了不同pH值与不同粒径方解石对磷吸附效果的影响.实验设置了不同质量浓度磷系列溶液,加人1g不同粒径,即小于100目、100～180目、180～325目和325目的方解石,在PH值分别为9.00±0.02、7.00±0.02和6.00±0.02时.研究方解石对磷的吸附效果,并用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型对等温吸附线进行了拟合.结果表明,方解石对磷的吸附等温线能较好地用Freundlich方程来拟合.方解石的粒径越小,对磷的吸附能力越强,在本实验选取的粒径范围内,325目方解石对磷酸盐的吸附效果最好;但180～325目方解石对磷的吸附能力与325目方解石的差别不大,实际应用中,选用180～325目方解石即可取得对磷的较好的吸附效果.pH值是影响方解石吸附磷的重要因素,pH为6时,由于方解石微溶产生的Ca2 与水体中PO3-4结合形成Ca-P化合物,使其吸附磷效果较好;pH≥7时,通过方解石吸附作用、与碳酸钙共沉作用及以方解石作为结晶核的钙磷化合物结晶作用去除磷;pH为9时方解石对PO3-4吸附效果好于pH值为7时.     

Control concept and countermeasures for shallow lakes’ eutrophication in China

Research on lake eutrophication in China began in the early 1970s, and many lakes in China are now known to be in meso-eutrophic status. Lake eutrophication has been showing a rapidly increasing trend since 2000. Investigations show that the main reasons for lake eutrophication include a fragile lake background environment, excessive nutrient loading into lakes, excessive human activities, ecological degeneration, weak environmental protection awareness, and lax lake management. Major mechanisms resulting from lake eutrophication include nutrient recycling imbalance, major changes in water chemistry (pH, oxygen, and carbon), lake ecosystem imbalance, and algal prevalence in lakes. Some concepts for controlling eutrophication should be persistently proposed, including lake catchment control, combination of pollutant source control with ecological restoration, protection of three important aspects (terrestrial ecology, lake coast zone, and submerged plant), and combination of lake management with regulation. Measures to control lake eutrophication should include pollution source control (i.e., optimize industrial structural adjustments in the lake catchment, reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emission amounts, and control endogenous pollution) and lake ecological restoration (i.e. establish a zone-lake buffer region and lakeside zone, protect regional vegetation, utilize hydrophytes in renovation technology); countermeasures for lake management should include implementing water quality management, identifying environmental and lake water goals, legislating and formulating laws and regulations to protect lakes, strengthening publicity and the education of people, increasing public awareness through participation in systems and mechanic innovations, establishing lake region management institutions, and ensuring implementation of governance and management measures.     

Occurrence,spatial distribution,source, and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Dongting Lake,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The occurrence, distribution, sources, and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides in Dongting Lake of China were investigated. The average...     

混凝-折流式反应器对垃圾渗滤液处理的试验研究

采用混凝、三组水解池和好氧生物滤池串连组成的折流式反应器(BR)联合工艺,对处理芜湖市南郊垃圾填埋场产生的渗滤液进行了试验研究,确定了混凝剂的最佳投加量、最佳碱化脱氮pH等工艺参数.试验结果表明,经过水解反应器(HUSB)反复对垃圾渗滤液进行水解酸化后,能逐步提高废水的BOD5/COD(B/C)(约0.2～0.4),大大提高了好氧生物滤池的COD容积负荷,出水COD平均《400 mg/L,NH3-N平均《30 mg/L.     

串联垂直流人工湿地去除河水中磷的效果

利用在温室内构建的串联垂直流人工湿地模拟装置,以芦苇为湿地植物,填充砾石,研究两种水力负荷(0.2和0.4 m/d)、3个串联级数、有/无植物等对处理北京市清河河水磷去除的影响,试验共持续144 d. 结果表明:①在进水ρ(TP)为0.50~1.77 mg/L(平均值为1.15 mg/L)、ρ(DTP)为0.41~1.53 mg/L(平均值为0.9 mg/L)的条件下,TP去除率随进水ρ(TP)的升高而升高. ②水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有、无植物3级串联系统磷的去除率分别为38.36%、26.85%;水力负荷为0.4 m/d时,分别为32.42%,23.99%,说明低水力负荷与有植物的条件利于除磷. ③有植物3级串联系统TP去除率平均值为38.36%,大于2级串联系统(28.30%);无植物3级串联系TP去除率平均值为26.85%,大于2级串联系统(21.81%)和1级串联系统(14.98%),串联级数增加,磷去除率升高. 研究显示,水力负荷为0.2 m/d时,有植物3级串联系统的TP去除率最高.      

红纺锤水蚤(Acartia erythraea)对Cu2+和Ag+的吸收

通过对桡足类动物红纺锤水蚤(Acartia erythraea)分别在Cu2 、Ag 、Cu2 Ag 混合溶液中的暴露实验,测定了其对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速率常数、排出速率常数,并对Cu2 和Ag 在动物体内的分布状况进行了分析.结果表明,在单金属暴露的条件下,红纺锤水蚤对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速度分别为1.09×104L·g-1·d-1、3.31×104L·g-1·d-1,排出速率常数分别为0.096 d-1、0.1056 d-1.而在Cu2 Ag 的混合暴露体系中,红纺锤水蚤对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速率分别下降到9.17×103 L·g-1·d-1、2.87×104L·g-1-d-1,Cu2 和Ag 的排出速度常数则分别降到0.084 d-1和0.1008 d-1.动态模型的模拟结果表明,Cu2 和Ag 存在一定程度的拮抗作用.与暴露在单金属溶液中的红纺锤水蚤相比较,在暴露于Cu2 、Ag 混合体系中动物体内的非极性部分所占的比重明显增加,说明其在食物链中对于上一营养级的生物有效性将明显增加.     

Spatial distribution of phosphorus forms in sediments with different distances to the estuary of the Dianchi Lake, China

Effects of human activity on the distribution of phosphorus (P) forms were investigated for the sediments and porewaters in Daqinghe Estuary of Dianchi Lake, China. The concentrations of total P (TP), inorganic-P (I-P),and organic-P (Org-P), and the ratio of iron-bound P (Fe-P)/calcium-bound P (Ca-P) in the sediments decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. This is probably due to the flocculant materials, e.g., ferric and aluminous salts, usually being added in the wastewater treatment processes. The concentration of ammonia in the sediment porewaters significantly decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. Both concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrogen in the sediment porewaters decreased to some content with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. However, the concentrations of nitrate, dissolved total P (DTP), and TP did not have strong relationship with the distances from the sampling sites to the estuary. Pollution load and water quantity also had an important influence on the concentrations of P in sediments and its interstitial water in estuary sedimentary area.