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调查了上海市7家医院50余台x、γ射线装置,监测了工作环境和公众环境的辐射水平,并根据辐射防护规定进行评价。调查发现,由于少数设备老化,或防护门窗安装不当等,造成了环境剂量的增加。 相似文献
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Ambient volatile organic compounds pollution in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xinmin Zhang Zhigang Xue Hong Li Li Yan Yuan Yang Yi Wang Jingchun Duan Lei Li Fahe Chai Miaomiao Cheng Weiqi Zhang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(5):69-75
Owing to rapid economic and industrial development, China has been suffering from degraded air quality and visibility. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone and hence photochemical smog. Some VOCs adversely affect human health. Therefore, VOCs have recently elicited public concern and given new impetus to scientific interest. China is now implementing a series of polices to control VOCs pollution. The key to formulating policy is understanding the ambient VOCs pollution status. This paper mainly analyzes the species, levels, sources, and spatial distributions of VOCs in ambient air. The results show that the concentrations of ambient VOCs in China are much higher than those of developed countries such as the United States and Japan, especial benzene, which exceeds available standards. At the same time, the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of various VOCs are calculated. Aromatics and alkenes have much higher OFPs, while aromatics have higher SOAFP. The OFPs of ambient VOCs in the cities of Beijing, Guangzhou and Changchun are very high, and the SOAFP of ambient VOCs in the cities of Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Changchun are higher. 相似文献
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Monica Lipscomb Smith Weiqi Zhou Mary Cadenasso Morgan Grove Lawrence E. Band 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(2):429-442
Smith, Monica Lipscomb, Weiqi Zhou, Mary Cadenasso, Morgan Grove, and Lawrence E. Band, 2010. Evaluation of the National Land Cover Database for Hydrologic Applications in Urban and Suburban Baltimore, Maryland. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):429-442. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00412.x Abstract: We compared the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 land cover, impervious, and canopy data products to land cover data derived from 0.6-m resolution three-band digital imagery and ancillary data. We conducted this comparison at the 1 km2, 9 km2, and gauged watershed scales within the Baltimore Ecosystem Study to determine the usefulness and limitations of the NLCD in heterogeneous urban to exurban environments for the determination of land-cover information for hydrological applications. Although the NLCD canopy and impervious data are significantly correlated with the high-resolution land-cover dataset, both layers exhibit bias at <10 and >70% cover. The ratio of total impervious area and connected impervious area differs along the range of percent imperviousness – at low percent imperviousness, the NLCD is a better predictor of pavement alone, whereas at higher percent imperviousness, buildings and pavement together more resemble NLCD impervious estimates. The land-cover composition and range for each NLCD urban land category (developed open space, low-intensity, medium-intensity, and high-intensity developed) is more variable in areas of low-intensity development. Fine-vegetation land-cover/lawn area is incorporated in a large number of land use categories with no ability to extract this land cover from the NLCD. These findings reveal that the NLCD may yield important biases in urban, suburban, and exurban hydrologic analyses where land cover is characterized by fine-scale spatial heterogeneity. 相似文献
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为探究农业土地利用转变对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性及有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量变化的影响,选取玉米地、玉米地转变为姜地、稻田和稻田转变为姜地4种农业土地利用类型为研究对象,对土壤水稳性团聚体的组成、稳定性及SOC、TN含量进行测定与分析.结果表明: ①玉米地转变为姜地后,>0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体减少21.48%(p<0.01),>0.25 mm稳定性团聚体的含量(DR0.25)显著降低53.39%;稻田转变为姜地后,大团聚体差异不显著,<0.053 mm粒级的粉黏团聚体增加8.93%(p<0.01);冗余分析和相关分析表明,土壤含水量是团聚体组成和 稳定性的重要影响因素;②玉米地转变为姜地后,0.25~1 mm粒级团聚体中SOC、TN含量分别减少52.68%、50.98%,粉黏团聚体(<0.053 mm)中SOC和TN含量增加约2倍(p<0.01);稻田转变为姜地后,>0.25 mm的大团聚体和0.053~0.25 mm的微团聚体中的SOC、TN含量均减少(p<0.05),其中,大团聚体碳氮比与团聚体组成和稳定性存在相关关系(p<0.05);③所有处理均为大团聚体SOC、TN贡献率最高,转变后的姜地较玉米地、稻田的土壤粉黏团聚体的SOC、TN贡献率显著增加,尤其是较玉米地的粉黏团聚体SOC、TN贡献率增加3倍(p<0.01);④平均质量 直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)与大团聚体的SOC、TN含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),分形维数(D)与MWD及1~2 mm粒级大团聚体的SOC、TN含量呈显著负相关(p<0.01),DR0.25与大团聚体的SOC、TN含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01).总体上,玉米地和稻田两种用地转变为姜地后,土壤团聚体的组成发生较大变化,团聚体稳定性变化虽不显著,但大团聚体中SOC、TN含量降低,粉黏团聚体中SOC、TN含量增加.本研究的开展对农田科学管理和可持续生产具有重要的指导意义. 相似文献
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Fang Qinhua Zhang Luoping Hong Huasheng Chen Weiqi Jiang Yuwu Chen Bin 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2006,4(3):45-50
Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA Act) was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment (SEA), thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA. 相似文献
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于2015年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、6月(夏季)和9月(秋季),以闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地为研究区,采用静态箱与气相色谱结合的方法,研究螃蟹对湿地土壤CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量及综合增温潜势的影响。研究表明:温室气体排放季节变化较为显著,CO2、CH4排放通量最大值均出现在夏季,N2O排放通量最大值出现在秋季,CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量最小值均出现在春季。与无螃蟹组相比,高潮滩和中潮滩螃蟹组CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量均值都增大,其中高潮滩螃蟹组CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量依次增大了46.36%、66.67%和69.66%,中潮滩螃蟹组CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量依次增大了53.57%、142.97%、73.08%。相关性分析结果表明:土壤CO2排放通量与土壤温度显著正相关(n=96,p<0.05),CH4和N2O排放通量与土壤温度显著正相关(n=96,p<0.01);N2O排放通量与土壤pH显著正相关(n=96,p<0.01),与土壤含水量显著正相关(n=96,p<0.05)。综上所述,螃蟹活动对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地土壤的干扰促进了温室气体的排放,为有效调节湿地碳、氮固持作用和湿地生态系统科学管理提供了参考。 相似文献