快速溶剂萃取技术(ASE)在水环境监测中的比较研究及展望

萃取技术是一种样品前处理方法,可以用于水环境等领域的监测。其中较为受推崇的主要是快速萃取技术和固相萃取技术。本文通过快速萃取技术原理的简单分析,重点将其与传统的几种萃取技术进行了比较,并对未来的发展趋势作了简要展望。     

吉非罗齐在热活化过硫酸盐体系中的降解机制研究

以降血脂药物吉非罗齐(GEM)为目标污染物,研究其在热活化过硫酸盐体系中的降解机制.结果表明,GEM的降解过程符合准一级反应动力学规律,增加过硫酸盐初始浓度或升高反应溶液温度都可以显著提高GEM的降解速率常数(kobs),其反应的表观活化能Ea为133.14k J·mol~(-1).酸性和中性条件下GEM的降解效果要好于碱性条件.自然水体中的腐植酸(HA)和HCO_3~-对GEM的降解有明显的抑制作用.自由基清除实验表明,在酸性和中性条件下,SO_4~(·-)对GEM的降解起主导作用,而在碱性条件下,HO·成为体系主要的氧化物种.利用HPLC-MS/MS技术共检测到11种中间产物,推测GEM的降解路径涉及苯环的羟基化和醛基化反应、苯环侧链的环化作用和脱羧反应以及醚支链的断裂.     

不同条件对土壤反硝化作用的影响

不论是从农业还是从环境角度看,反硝化作用已经引起越来越多的关注。其研究目的可以归纳为两个方面:其一是农业方面着重控制土壤的反硝化作用以减轻氮肥的逸     

Estimating the carbon footprint of household activities in Japan from the time-use perspective

The household sector is a major driver of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, most existing studies have only estimated households’ carbon footprint from their expenditures. Households’ daily activity time, a scarce resource that limits and determines their consumption behavior, has rarely been integrated into the estimation. Incorporating the daily time-use patterns should thus provide a more practical perspective for mitigation policies aiming at promoting sustainable household lifestyles. In this study, by linking household time-use data and expenditure data of Japan, the carbon footprint and the GHG intensity of time of 85 daily household activities constituting the 24 hours in a day are estimated. Compared to the maximal 20-activity disaggregation in existing studies, our detailed 85-category disaggregation of daily time enables unprecedented details on the discrepancies between the carbon footprint from daily activities, many of which have previous been treated as one activity. Results indicate significant carbon mitigation potential in activities with a high GHG intensity of time, such as cooking, bathing, and mobility-related and activities. Average daily GHG emissions were also found to be higher on weekends as time-use patterns shift from paid work to free-time activities, highlighting the need for mitigation strategies on a weekly scale.

     

硫酸亚铁结合电化学絮凝处理中水氨氮与总磷的研究

文章分别采用硫酸亚铁絮凝法、电化学法以及硫酸亚铁结合电化学法对中水中低浓度氨氮和总磷的处理效果进行了对比。研究了硫酸亚铁投加量、pH、通电时间和电压对氨氮和总磷去除率的影响。结果表明:采用硫酸亚铁絮凝法,硫酸亚铁投加量为6%,pH为6～7,氨氮去除率为95.45%,总磷去除率92.5%;采用电化学絮凝法,通电时间40 min,通电电压20 V,pH为6～7,中水中氨氮去除率为72.73%,总磷去除率为92.5%;硫酸亚铁结合电化学处理中水,通电电压为20 V,通电时间30 min,硫酸亚铁投加量7%时,中水中氨氮去除率99.09%,总磷去除率92.5%。因为氨直接在阳极失去3个电子被氧化成N2,阳极电解时生成的金属阳离子或其水合物与水中的磷酸盐形成沉淀。而硫酸亚铁通过空轨道吸附铵根中氮的孤对电子后被水解生成的含有Fe3+的羟基络合物絮凝沉淀,Fe2+和Fe3+也都可以与PO43-生成难溶性磷酸盐。