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Climate change and human disturbance drive catchment erosion and increase riverine sediment load sensitively in small and
medium-sized watersheds. This is not always true in large basins, where aggregation and buffering effects have dampen the
ability to determine the driving forces of sedimentation. Even though there are significant responses to sedimentation in
large river basins, it is difficult to get a precise quantitative assessment of specific drivers. This paper develops a methodology
to identify driving forces that change suspended sediment load in the Upper Yangtze river. Annual runoff and sediment load
data from 1954 to 2005 at the Yichang gauging station in the Upper Yangtze basin, daily precipitation data from 60 meteorological
stations, and survey data on reservoir sediment were collected for the study. Sediment load/rainfall erosivity (S/R), is a
new proxy indicator introduced to reflect human activities. Since the mid-1980s, S/R in the Upper Yangtze has dramatically
declined from 0.21 to 0.03 (×1010 t ha h MJ−1 mm−1), indicating that human activity has played a key role in the decline of the suspended sediment load. Before the mid-1980s,
a higher average S/R is attributed to large-scale deforestation and land reclamation. A significant sediment decrease occurred
from 1959 to 1961 during an extreme drought condition, and an increase in sedimentation in 1998 coincided with an extreme
flood event, which was well recorded in the S/R curve. This indicates that the S/R proxy is able to distinguish anthropogenic
from climate impacts on suspended sediment load, but is not necessarily indicatory in extreme climate events. In addition,
typical drivers of riverine sediment load variation including soil conservation projects, reservoirs construction, and land
use/cover change are discussed. 相似文献
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水土流失遥感调查具有宏观、快速、效率高的优点,可以实现水土流失时空动态监测;侵蚀137Cs核素示踪技术能够提供独立的土壤侵蚀与堆积数据以及空间分布的信息,与其它方法相比,不仅具有无时空限制、操作简便快捷的优点,而且可提供上世纪60年代以来的多空间尺度(测点到流域)年均净侵蚀量。核素示踪与遥感解译的结合,可实现水土流失评价的宏观与微观、点与面、估算与实测的结合,大大地提高水土流失评价时空分辨率和精准度。文章以锦屏二级水电站工程建设区域为例,将137Cs侵蚀示踪技术和水土流失遥感调查方法相结合,基于GIS技术,对区域内水土流失现状进行了评价。 相似文献
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为了加速厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)富集,解决自养脱氮工艺启动缓慢的问题,在短程硝化絮状污泥反应器中投加含有少量AnAOB的悬浮填料,构建泥膜混合移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)系统,探讨该系统在自养脱氮启动中的作用. 结果表明:①在温度为20~30 ℃、pH为7.8~8.2、DO浓度为0.2~0.9 mg/L的条件下,经45 d的运行,成功富集AnAOB. 通过调整运行模式和曝气量,TN去除率提高至70%左右,成功启动自养脱氮工艺. ②在运行过程中,曝气阶段主要发生短程硝化反应,缺氧阶段主要发生厌氧氨氧化反应. ③泥膜混合MBBR系统中优势的好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)和AnAOB分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus_Kuenenia. Nitrosomonas主要分布于絮状污泥中,其相对丰度从42.95%减至30.98%;而Candidatus_Kuenenia主要分布于填料生物膜中,其相对丰度从5.88%增至25.90%. ④泥膜混合MBBR系统中还检测出Ignavibacteriales_bacterium_UTCHB1、Pseudomonas、Denitratisoma等多种反硝化细菌,说明部分TN损失是通过内源反硝化途径实现. 研究显示,基于短程硝化絮状污泥的泥膜混合MBBR系统,可以维持稳定的短程硝化,快速富集AnAOB,也可以有效缩短自养脱氮工艺的启动时间. 相似文献
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武汉市与西安市颗粒物PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的污染水平分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用武汉、西安两市2013年PM10与PM2.5的监测数据,统计分析了武汉市和西安市PM10与PM2.5的污染水平,并比较了两城市的污染水平。根据GB 3095—2012《中华人民共和国环境空气质量标准》规定的二级浓度限值,可知武汉市和西安市PM2.5的污染都非常严重,PM10的污染相对较轻。从整体上说,西安市的污染水平要比武汉市严重,其中西安市PM10中PM2.5约占79%。武汉市和西安市的相关部门都应重视PM10和PM2.5的污染问题。 相似文献
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