多功能智能织物纳米技术

未来武装部队(AFAN)的生存能力和机动性对具有多种防护和耐久功能的轻质结构材料提出了更高的要求.例如,除了武器、化学(生物化学)鉴别和防护设备及能量系统外,士兵还要携带越来越多的通信设备.因此,制造制服的织物除了具有防护的功能外,还应具有冲击防护、化学(生物)鉴别及传感、化学(生物)防护以及能量产生及存储的功能.这样就迫切需要建立新的材料体系和方法来把物质合成与结构设计结合起来.实验证明,由电纺丝过程制造的纳米级(直径≤100 nm)纤维能实现这样的功能.这些纳米纤维类似于自然界生物体系,以等级结构被组装,最终形成线形、平面形和三维组装体系.把电子聚合物及传统聚合物结合起来,     

Biogenic palladium prepared by activated sludge microbes for the hexavalent chromium catalytic reduction: Impact of relative biomass

• Pd nanoparticles could be reduced and supported by activated sludge microbes. • The effect of biomass on Pd adsorption by microbes is greater than Pd reduction. • More biomass reduces Pd particle size, which is more dispersed on the cell surface. • When the biomass/Pd add to 6, the catalytic reduction rate of Cr(VI) reaches stable. Palladium, a kind of platinum group metal, owns catalytic capacity for a variety of hydrogenations. In this study, Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated through enzymatic recovery by microbes of activated sludge at various biomass/Pd, and further used for the Cr(VI) reduction. The results show that biomass had a strong adsorption capacity for Pd(II), which was 17.25 mg Pd/g sludge. The XRD and TEM-EDX results confirmed the existence of PdNPs associated with microbes (bio-Pd). The increase of biomass had little effect on the reduction rate of Pd(II), but it could cause decreasing particle size and shifting location of Pd(0) with the better dispersion degree on the cell surface. In the Cr(VI) reduction experiments, Cr(VI) was first adsorbed on bio-Pd with hydrogen and then reduced using active hydrogen as electron donor. Biomass improved the catalytic activity of PdNPs. When the biomass/Pd (w/w) ratio increased to six or higher, Cr(VI) reduction achieved maximum rate that 50 mg/L of Cr(VI) could be rapidly reduced in one minute.     

Projected Years Lost due to Disabilities (YLDs) for bacillary dysentery related to increased temperature in temperate and subtropical cities of China

The impact of climate change on enteric infection has been a concern in recent years. This study aims to project disability burdens of bacillary dysentery (BD) associated with increasing temperature in different climatic zones in China. Years Lost due to Disabilities (YLDs) were used as the measure of burden of bacillary dysentery in this study. A temperate city in northern China and a subtropical city in southern China were selected as the study areas. The quantitative relationship between temperature and the number of cases in each city was base on the regression models developed in our previous studies. YLDs for bacillary dysentery in 2000 were used as the baseline data. Projection of YLDs for bacillary dysentery in 2020 and 2050 under future temperature scenarios were conducted. Demographic changes over the next 20 to 50 years in study cities were considered in the projections. Under the temperature scenarios alone, the YLDs for bacillary dysentery may increase by up to 80% by 2020 and 174% by 2050 in the temperate city and up to 75% increase in the YLDs by 2020 and a 147% increase by 2050 in the tropical city. Considering potential changes in both temperature and population size and structure, if other factors remain constant, compared with the YLDs observed in 2000, the YLDs for bacillary dysentery may double by 2020 and triple by 2050 in both the temperate and subtropical cities in China. The temperature-related health burden of enteric infection in China may greatly increase in the future if there is no effective intervention. Relevant public health strategies should be developed at an earlier stage to prevent and reduce the impact of infectious disease associated with climate change.     

纳米零价铁在含Cr（VI）水相中的结构性能演变研究

纳米零价铁（nZVI）进行土壤及水体中污染物的修复过程中, 结构和成分发生演化,生成铁氧化合物对污染物在环境中的迁移、转化和归宿等产生影响. 本文研究了nZVI在充氧水介质中与铬酸根（Cr（VI））的反应, 结果表明： nZVI的表面化学及晶相结构随溶液初始pH值、Cr（VI）浓度和反应时间等变化而变化. 低浓度Cr（VI）（≤20 mg?L^-1）的存在使得nZVI的腐蚀加速, 单个颗粒由链球状结构演变为片状和针状结构,主要腐蚀产物成为γ-Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄、γ-FeOOH的混合物. 溶液中高浓度Cr（VI） （≥50 mg?L^-1）与nZVI反应前后产物颗粒保持球形, 证明其抑制nZI颗粒的腐蚀. 这是由于Cr（VI）在nZVI表面还原产生Cr（OH）₃或Cr_xFe_1-x（OH）₃或Cr_xFe_1-xOOH, 覆盖在表面阻止进一步的腐蚀. 塔菲尔（Tafel）曲线测试发现, Cr（VI）浓度低于0.1 mg?L^-1时, nZVI反应后固体产物制备的电极腐蚀电压负移, 腐蚀电流密度增大; 而当Cr（VI）浓度（≥20 mg?L^-1）增高时, 腐蚀电位正移, 腐蚀电流密度减少; 且腐蚀电位随着Cr（VI）含量的增加而向正向移动, 而腐蚀电流密度则减小, 证明了腐蚀速率越慢. 塔菲尔腐蚀电流测试结合扫描电镜、X-射线电子衍射和X-射线光电子能谱分析, nZVI中Cr（VI）含量越高抗腐蚀能力越强. 本文对研究复杂环境条件nZVI与Cr（VI）反应后的最终产物以及其环境归趋具有重要意义.     

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.     

济宁市生态文明建设的战略构想与对策

推进生态文明建设、建设美丽中国成为社会主旋律.文章从生态资源、生态空间、生态产业、转型发展等方面分析了济宁生态文明建设的优势,从战略顶层设计角度出发,研究提出了生态文明建设的总体要求、生态功能分区定位和实施步骤,针对近期济宁市生态文明建设存在的问题,从体制创新、制度体系、转型升级、考核监督、大气治理、水污染防治、城乡绿化等方面提出了具体的对策建议.     

有机溶剂浸取石油污染土壤中的多环芳烃

采用索氏提取法和气相色谱分析了某炼油厂周边土壤中的多环芳烃的种类及含量,考察了6种有机溶剂对土壤中多环芳烃的浸取效果,探讨了溶剂与溶质溶解度参数差异对浸取效果的影响。结果表明：土壤试样中含有蒽、荧蒽、芘、 、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘8种多环芳烃,其含量分别为4.20,22.05,10.62,4.26,5.54,0.80,0.94,4.18 mg/kg;筛选出二氯甲烷作为土壤中多环芳烃的浸取溶剂;最佳浸取条件为浸取时间10 min、浸取温度30 ℃、溶剂与土壤的液固比5:1（mL/g）、土壤含水量8%,在此条件下,总多环芳烃浸出率为83.0%,各种多环芳烃的浸出率分别为蒽97.8%、荧蒽78.2%、芘99.9%、 98.5%、苯并[a]蒽81.1%、苯并[b]荧蒽47.6%、苯并[k]荧蒽14.8%、苯并[a]芘58.7%。     

Antibiotic resistance genes in manure-amended paddy soils across eastern China: Occurrence and influencing factors

• Manure fertilization resulted in antibiotic residues and increased metal contents. • The tet and sul genes were significantly enhanced with manure fertilization. • Soil physicochemical properties contributed to 12% of the variations in ARGs. • Soil metals and antibiotics co-select for ARGs. Pig manure, rich in antibiotics and metals, is widely applied in paddy fields as a soil conditioner, triggering the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil. However, comprehensive studies on the effects of manure fertilization on the abundance of ARGs and their influencing factors are still insufficient. Here, pig manure and manure-amended and inorganic-amended soils were collected from 11 rice-cropping regions in eastern China, and the accumulation of antibiotics, metals, and ARGs was assessed simultaneously. The results showed that manure fertilization led to antibiotic residues and increased the metal content (i.e., Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr). Tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (tetM, tetO, sul1, and sul2) were also significantly enhanced with manure fertilization. According to variance partitioning analysis, the most important factors that individually influenced ARGs were soil physicochemical properties, accounting for 12% of the variation. Significant correlations between soil nutrients and ARGs indicated that manure application enhanced the growth of resistant microorganisms by supplying more nutrients. Metals and antibiotics contributed 9% and 5% to the variations in ARGs, respectively. Their co-occurrence also increased the enrichment of ARGs, as their interactions accounted for 2% of the variation in ARGs. Interestingly, Cu was significantly related to most ARGs in the soil (r = 0.26–0.52, p<0.05). Sulfapyridine was significantly related to sul2, and tetracycline resistance genes were positively related to doxycycline. This study highlighted the risks of antibiotic and ARG accumulation with manure fertilization and shed light on the essential influencing factors of ARGs in paddy soils.     

杭州市郊区表层土壤中的多环芳烃

采集了杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃样品,用内标法和色谱-质谱技术对多环芳烃化合物进行定量分析.美国环保总署推荐优先控制的16种多环芳烃均被检出,多环芳烃单体的质量浓度在1.49～87.43 ng·g-1之间;其中萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的质量浓度相对较低; 、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝等高分子量芳烃的质量浓度相对较高,苯并[ghi]苝的质量浓度最高.16种多环芳烃的质量总浓度超过荷兰政府规定无污染土壤PAHs值的10～40倍;与国内外其他地区相比较,多环芳烃污染处于中等水平.多环芳烃Ant/(Phe+Ant)、BaA/(Chr+BaA)、Flua/(Pyr+Flua)等参数表明,多环芳烃主要来源于燃烧源,且以机动车尾气为主;BeP/(BeP+BaP)比值偏高,可能与土壤中的多环芳烃主要来源于大气沉降有关.