Using culturomics and social media data to characterize wildlife consumption

Wildlife provides food, medicine, clothing, and other necessities for humans, but overexploitation can disrupt the sustainability of wildlife resources and severely threaten global biodiversity. Understanding the characteristics of consumer behavior is helpful for wildlife managers and policy makers, but the traditional survey methods are laborious and time-consuming. In contrast, culturomics may more efficiently identify the features of wildlife consumption. As a case study of the culturomics approach, we examined tiger bone wine consumption in China based on social media and Baidu search engine data. Tiger bone wine is one of the most purchased tiger products; its consumption is closely related to tiger poaching, which greatly threatens wild tiger survival. We searched a popular social media website for the term “tiger bone wine” and focused on posts that were originally created from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2018. We filtered and classified posts related to the purchase, sale, or consumption of tiger bone wine and extracted information on providers, consumption motivations, year of production, and place of origin of the tiger bone wines based on the texts and photos of these posts. We found 756 posts related to tiger bone wine consumption, 113 of which mentioned providers of tiger bone wine, including friends (53%), elder relatives (37%), peer relatives (7%), and others (3%). Out of the 756 posts, 266 indicated the motivations of tiger bone wine consumption. Tiger bone wines were consumed as a tonic (34%), medicine (23%), game product (30%), and a symbol of wealth (28%). Some posts indicated ≥2 consumption motivations. These findings were consistent with the search queries from Baidu index. Such information could help develop targeted strategies for tiger conservation. The culturomics approach illustrated by our study is a rapid and cost-efficient way to characterize wildlife consumption.     

可张孔曝气器曝气能耗试验研究

通过试验研究，总结出可张孔曝气阻力损失的影响因素，以优化产品的结构设计参数，降低产品在工程应用中的能耗，获取更好的经济效益。     

Asparagus ploidy distribution related to climates adaptation in Iran

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Asparagus basic chromosome number is 2n?=?2x?=?20. The high rate of polyploidy in wild asparagus has been found in natural...     

北京市农业机械排放因子与排放清单

利用车载排放测试技术对典型的联合收割机、拖拉机、农用运输车和农田建设机械实际工况下的尾气进行测试,建立了实际工况下农业机械的排放因子和2017年北京市农用机械排放清单.结果表明,不同的工作状态对农业机械尾气排放有较大的影响,怠速和行走时CO、NO_x、HC和PM排放趋于平稳;而切地和翻地模式下的波动较为明显.根据各类机械的分类和排放标准对排放因子进行细化,建立了较为完整的实际工况下的排放因子.根据农业机械排放因子和燃油消耗量计算出2017年北京市CO、NO_x、HC和PM的排放量分别是2 566.60、 1 239.29、 563.08和538.32 t.拖拉机、运输机械和联合收割机的污染物总量占CO、NO_x、HC和PM这4种污染物总量的98%、 95%、 95%和98%.因此,农用拖拉机、运输机械和联合收割机在农业机械污染减排中应作为重点控制对象.     

基于两种再分析资料的一次四川盆地大气污染过程气象要素数值模拟研究

利用ECMWF-ERA5和NCEP-FNL再分析资料作为中尺度气象模式WRF（The Weather Research and Forecasting）初始场,对四川盆地2018年1月一次大气污染过程气象要素进行了模拟,对比分析了气温、风速、风向、相对湿度、边界层高度、温廓线的模拟效果,并结合大气超级站观测数据对模拟结果进行评估.结果表明：两种资料均能较好地模拟出气象要素的变化情况,但由于两套资料时空分辨率、采用的模式、同化方案、数据来源和质量控制方案存在一定区别,导致各要素模拟效果并不一致.与NCEP-FNL相比,ECMWF-ERA5模拟的平均相对湿度（59.23%）与观测值差异更小,且均方根误差、偏差较小,分别为9.83%和-0.83%,但NCEP-FNL模拟的平均气温（8.99℃）更接近观测值,且偏差值较小,为-0.04℃.两组模拟结果均显示盆地内部为模拟区域的低风速区,相对湿度模拟值在60%以上,气温高于西部山地地区.NCEP-FNL模拟的盆地内部气温、相对湿度、风速小于ECMWF-ERA5模拟值,但边界层高度模拟值较大.ECMWF-ERA5模拟的逆温强度相比较小,且温度露点差较小.此次污染过程PM_2.5和PM₁₀日均浓度最大值分别为190.1 μg·m^-3和261.0 μg·m^-3,相对湿度增大引发的颗粒物吸湿增长是导致PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度突增的主要原因.     

北京地区基于化学组分的夏季气溶胶吸湿特性

利用吸湿增长光散射测量系统、黑碳仪和气相色谱质谱联用仪等仪器,于2019年7月15日~8月4日在北京地区开展了为期21d的大气气溶胶观测实验.观测期间北京市区于7月27日出现短暂的轻度污染,并在7月29日出现强降水天气.结果显示：北京市区夏季大气污染变化剧烈且短暂,大气气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子f（RH）呈现平滑连续的特点,并且降水会对f（RH）造成显著影响.7月27日PM_2.5的平均质量浓度为（92.54±47.05）μg/m³;,表现出较为剧烈的污染变化.7月28~30日平均散射吸湿增长因子f（80%±1%）分别为（1.50±0.35）,（1.43±0.36）和（1.48±0.25）,反映了降水对于大气气溶胶的湿清除作用.最后利用实验数据估算粒径吸湿增长因子gf（RH）,并建模研究f（RH）和gf（RH）的关系,模型精度R²最高可达0.698.     

Ca(OH)2解吸并固定混合吸收液中CO2的实验研究

CO₂化学吸收法分离纯度高,技术成熟,但能耗过高及成本是困扰该技术发展的瓶颈.在常压条件下对利用Ca（OH）₂直接矿物碳酸化固定MDEA/PZ混合吸收富液中CO₂进行了一系列实验研究,考察了吸收液负荷、Ca（OH）₂投加量、pH、温度及搅拌速率等因素对解吸率的影响,并利用动态吸收-解吸循环实验研究了其CO₂吸收性能和循环使用稳定性,最后对碳酸化反应产物进行了XRD、TEM分析.结果表明,在常压条件下,Ca（OH）₂可以通过液相直接矿物碳酸化对CO₂进行直接固定,并实现吸收富液的再生;随着负荷的升高及Ca（OH）₂投加量、pH、搅拌速率的增大,解吸率随之增加;随着溶液温度升高,解吸率下降;经过5次动态吸收-解吸循环实验后CO₂吸收量可以达到并保持在0.57 mol·L^-1,显示出了良好的循环稳定性.     

酸性紫色水稻土颗粒有机质对镉的吸附特性

采集典型的酸性紫色水稻土（APPS）,从中分离出颗粒有机质（POM）,通过批量试验研究POM及其来源土壤Cd²⁺的吸附动力学、等温吸附和热力学特征,通过扫描电镜-能谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪等手段及吸附前后镉的形态变化的测定,研究了POM对Cd²⁺的吸附机制.结果表明：POM对Cd²⁺的亲和力远高于其来源土壤.POM及土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附动力学最优模型均为准二级动力学.Langmuir、Freundlich方程均能较好地描述其等温吸附特征,其中对POM,以Freundlich方程更优,表明POM对Cd²⁺的吸附属于多分子层的非均质吸附.吸附热力学参数△G^θ均小于0、△H^θ和△S^θ均大于0,表明吸附属于自发吸热过程.根据△H^θ值及解吸试验判定POM对Cd²⁺的吸附以化学吸附为主,土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附过程以物理吸附为主.吸附平衡后,土壤中可交换态镉比例提高,而POM中交换态和络合态镉比例增加.综上及吸附前后POM的表征结果说明,POM对Cd²⁺的吸附机制包括含氧官能团的络合、离子交换、阳离子-π键、沉淀作用和静电吸附.     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negative effects from a long-term perspective.Moreover,in the coexisting CW system of Ag NPs and phosphorus,competition exhibited in the initial exposure phase,however,cooperation between them was observed in later phase.Enzymatic activity of acid-phosphatase at the moderate temperature(10–20°C) was visibly higher than that at the high temperature(20–30℃) and CWs with Ag NPs addition had no appreciable differences compared with the control.High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial richness,diversity and composition of CWs were distinctly affected with the extension of exposure time at different Ag NPs levels.However,the phosphorus removal performance of CWs did not decline with the decrease of polyphosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs),which also confirmed that adsorption precipitation was the main way of phosphorus removal in CWs.The study suggested that Ag NPs and phosphorus could be removed synergistically in the coexistence system.This work has some reference for evaluating the influences of Ag NPs on the phosphorus removal and the interrelation between them in CWs.