Environmental assessment of garden waste management in the Municipality of Aarhus, Denmark

An environmental assessment of six scenarios for handling of garden waste in the Municipality of Aarhus (Denmark) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the LCA-model EASEWASTE. In the first (baseline) scenario, the current garden waste management system based on windrow composting was assessed, while in the other five scenarios alternative solutions including incineration and home composting of fractions of the garden waste were evaluated. The environmental profile (normalised to Person Equivalent, PE) of the current garden waste management in Aarhus is in the order of −6 to 8 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the non-toxic categories and up to 100 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the toxic categories. The potential impacts on non-toxic categories are much smaller than what is found for other fractions of municipal solid waste. Incineration (up to 35% of the garden waste) and home composting (up to 18% of the garden waste) seem from an environmental point of view suitable for diverting waste away from the composting facility in order to increase its capacity. In particular the incineration of woody parts of the garden waste improved the environmental profile of the garden waste management significantly.     

温州临江垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的性质研究

研究了温州临江垃圾焚烧发电厂生活垃圾焚烧产生飞灰的物理和化学性质。飞灰为含水率低、颗粒尺寸集中在43~175μm之间的灰色粉末,主要由Si、Al、Ca、Mg、Fe、Na、K、C和S元素组成。飞灰中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度在酸性条件下都不同程度地高于我国危险废物鉴别标准的允许浓度,其中Pb的浸出浓度在pH值1.06~13.69条件下远远超标,碱性条件下浸出毒性比酸性条件下小。矿物组成主要为石英(SiO2)、赤铁矿αFe2O3、钙长石CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2、钙铝黄长石2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2、KCl、NaCl、CaCO、PbO、TiO2、ZnCO3等,溶解盐含量高达19.5%,化学反应活性较强,热稳定性较差。     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属分布和浸出性质

对烟气净化系统飞灰(以下简称飞灰)按粒径进行分级,研究了飞灰重金属含量、形态分布和浸出毒性随粒径的变化,讨论了不同粒径的飞灰对重金属总量和浸出总量的贡献率.结果表明:飞灰中粒径>154 μm和<30 μm的颗粒较少,粒径为38.5～74 μm的颗粒约占总量的50%.除Ni和Cr外,重金属含量随飞灰粒径的减小呈增加趋势,且主要表现在酸溶态Cd,Zn,Pb,Cu和有机结合态Pb以及晶形氧化铁态Pb,Zn含量的增加.随着飞灰粒径的减小,Cr,Ni,Zn,Hg和Pb的浸出量也呈逐渐增加趋势,其中Zn,Hg和Pb的表现尤为突出.尽管细颗粒上的重金属对飞灰的重金属总量贡献不大,但高浸出率使细颗粒飞灰对重金属浸出总量仍具有较大贡献,尤其是Pb,Zn和Hg,在占飞灰质量8%的粒径<30 μm的飞灰中,富集了约40%的水溶性Pb,Zn和Hg.      

有机磷酸HEDP稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的研究

研究了有机磷酸羟基亚乙基二膦酸（HEDP）对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定方法.通过对不同HEDP投加量处理后的飞灰试样作危险废物浸出毒性鉴别试验,分析HEDP最佳使用剂量,并评价了稳定化飞灰的长期稳定性.结果表明,HEDP最适使用剂量为0.03 Ml/g（以商品级HEDP与飞灰的体积质量比计）,处理后飞灰与原状飞灰相比,Pb、Zn和Hg的浸出浓度分别降低了98.3%、99.5%和85.0%.HEDP对飞灰中重金属稳定效果排序为：Pb＞Zn＞Hg＞Ni＞Cu＞Cd＞CrHAs.重金属pH相关浸出测试（pH-dependent leaching tests）表明：经0.03mL/g HEDP稳定处理的飞灰,在0.3 mol/L HNO3和0.3 mol/L NaOH的浸取条件下,其重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准,显示具有良好的长期稳定性.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属在浸出柱中的浸出规律

通过浸出柱实验,研究生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的动态浸出规律.结果表明,浸出液中各种重金属的质量浓度均随浸取剂与飞灰比值(L/S)增大而减小,并在L/S＞2后趋于稳定.除Pb外,浸出质量浓度均低于污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)限值.对比原灰与浸出残留物重金属多级提取结果表明,飞灰的重金属在浸出柱实验中释放能力由强到弱依次为:Cd、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr.受浸取剂pH值和固液接触方式影响,浸出柱重金属累计浸出量都小于国家标准(GB 5086.2-1997)浸出量(Cd除外),尤其Cr、Hg和Pb的浸出柱累计浸出量分别是国标浸出量的23.25%、1.29%和14.29%     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出的影响因素

考察不同浸出条件对垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统飞灰中重金属浸出特性的的影响.研究表明:飞灰浸出时,受飞灰自身性质的影响,翻转式摇床混合和水平振荡摇床混合对飞灰中重金属浸出量的影响不明显;混合8h可使浸出体系达到溶解平衡,16h静置过程对飞灰中重金属溶出的影响不明显;增加浸取剂离子强度对飞灰来说并不会增加重金属元素的溶出;加大液固比(L/S)对飞灰中Pb,Ni和Cd的浸出仅起稀释作用,而Cu,Zn,CT和Hg在L/S<10时浸出液的浓度变化不大,L/S>10时被稀释;在高H 浓度时飞灰中重金属的浸出率大大增加,浸取剂中H 对各元素浸出的影响程度为Pb≈Zn>Cu>Cd>Ni>Cr>As>Hg;在中低H 浓度时,醋酸浸出液中重金属的浓度高于硝酸浸出液,而在>0.2mol·1-1的酸浸取液中,硝酸浸出液中重金属(Hg除外)的浓度大于醋酸浸出液.     

Recycling of air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incineration into lightweight aggregates

This work focuses on the assessment of technological properties and on the leaching behavior of lightweight aggregates (LWA) produced by incorporating different quantities of air pollution control (APC) residues from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Currently this hazardous waste has been mostly landfilled after stabilization/solidification. The LWA were produced by pelletizing natural clay, APC residues as-received from incineration plant, or after a washing treatment, a small amount of oil and water. The pellets were fired in a laboratory chamber furnace over calcium carbonate. The main technological properties of the LWA were evaluated, mainly concerning morphology, bulk and particle densities, compressive strength, bloating index, water adsorption and porosity. Given that APC residues do not own expansive (bloating) properties, the incorporation into LWA is only possible in moderate quantities, such as 3% as received or 5% after pre-washing treatment.The leaching behavior of heavy metals from sintered LWA using water or acid solutions was investigated, and despite the low acid neutralization capacity of the synthetic aggregates, the released quantities were low over a wide pH range.In conclusion, after a washing pre-treatment and if the percentage of incorporation is low, these residues may be incorporated into LWA. However, the recycling of APC residues from MSW incineration into LWA does not revealed any technical advantage.     

Performance of a biogas upgrading process based on alkali absorption with regeneration using air pollution control residues

This work analyzes the performance of an innovative biogas upgrading method, Alkali absorption with Regeneration (AwR) that employs industrial residues and allows to permanently store the separated CO₂. This process consists in a first stage in which CO₂ is removed from the biogas by means of chemical absorption with KOH or NaOH solutions followed by a second stage in which the spent absorption solution is contacted with waste incineration Air Pollution Control (APC) residues. The latter reaction leads to the regeneration of the alkali reagent in the solution and to the precipitation of calcium carbonate and hence allows to reuse the regenerated solution in the absorption process and to permanently store the separated CO₂ in solid form. In addition, the final solid product is characterized by an improved environmental behavior compared to the untreated residues. In this paper the results obtained by AwR tests carried out in purposely designed demonstrative units installed in a landfill site are presented and discussed with the aim of verifying the feasibility of this process at pilot-scale and of identifying the conditions that allow to achieve all of the goals targeted by the proposed treatment. Specifically, the CO₂ removal efficiency achieved in the absorption stage, the yield of alkali regeneration and CO₂ uptake resulting for the regeneration stage, as well as the leaching behavior of the solid product are analyzed as a function of the type and concentration of the alkali reagent employed for the absorption reaction.     

生物滴滤池法处理挥发性有机污染物的进展

在综述生物法降解挥发性有机气体进展的基础上，着重讨论了生物滴滤池填料的选择，菌种的驯化方法，运行条件的选择及运行工况的调节等，并分析其存在问题和今后的技术发展方向。     

上海浦东垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰性质研究

研究了上海浦东新区垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统飞灰的物理和化学性质 .结果表明 :飞灰为含水率很低的灰色粉末 ,主要由Si,Al,Ca,Na ,K ,Mg ,Fe ,C和S组成 .飞灰中Pb的浸出浓度高于危险废物鉴别标准 ,为危险废物 .矿物组成主要为SiO2 ,Al2 SiO5,Na Cl,KCl,CaAl2 Si2 O8,Zn2 SiO4,CaCO3和CaSO4等 ;溶解盐含量高达 1 7 9%— 2 2 1 % ,酸中和能力约为 3 0meq·g- 1 — 6 0meq·g- 1 ,对环境pH变化的抵抗能力强 .