210m钢筋混凝土烟囱控制爆破拆除数值模拟研究

通过采用LS-DYNA动力学有限元程序,模拟210 m钢筋混凝土烟囱的控制爆破拆除倒塌过程。采用数值模拟方法,不仅可以对控制爆破拆除工程中构筑物倾倒、破坏的重要影响因素进行分析,对有关理论研究结果的正确性和有效性进行验证,还能优化爆破拆除方案、预测实际爆破拆除效果,提高爆破拆除设计与施工的经济性、可靠性和安全性。     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

爆堆块度评价方法研究的进展

爆堆矿岩的块度分布是评价爆破效果的一项重要依据。对爆堆矿岩的块度大小与块度构成情况进行准确、可靠的定量描述 ,不仅可为验证、改进爆破工艺与参数 ,进而为改善爆破效果提供直接的参考依据 ,而且也是开展爆破优化研究的重要技术基础。通常使用手工方法去评估爆堆矿岩的块度 ,它能在一定程度上对爆破块度分布进行定量的评价。但这些方法还都存在着某些缺陷。而爆堆矿岩块度的计算机图像分析法则可弥补上述诸方法的种种缺陷 ,近年来 ,该研究在国内外得到了越来越广泛的关注和应用。笔者在总结各种测定爆破块度分布的理论和方法的基础上 ,详细分析和研究了当前计算机图像处理分析爆破块度方法。     

露天深孔爆破环境污染的危害与防治

在全面分析爆破所带来的地震效应、噪声以及废气等污染的同时，结合某矿山生产爆破的具体情况，提出了些防治爆破环境污染的措施和建议。     

大型烧结厂房爆破拆除设计与施工

所爆厂房由主厂房、环冷、除尘器、抽风机房组成，建筑面积近2万m^2，最大标高为43．5m，东边主厂房与高架通廊连为一体，东南8．6m为高压变电所；南边1．8m为80m高烟囱，2．5m处为架空管道，地下和地表运料通廊东西贯穿厂房，周围环境复杂。提出了先爆环冷和除尘器再处理抽风机房，最后爆破主厂房的总体爆破方案，采用爆破切割技术分离主厂房保留部分及高架通廊。采用了原地坍塌、定向倒塌和折叠爆破技术和施工工艺。爆破达到了预期效果，可供类似工程参考。     

高耸建筑物定向爆破中切口长度安全范围的研究

爆破拆除高耸筒体结构时 ,爆破切口长度的合理选取是爆破成功的重要因素。目前的实践经验 ,爆破切口长度取为切口处筒体圆周长的 6 0 %～ 6 6 % (即 3/ 5～ 2 / 3) ,按此取值范围进行施工 ,爆破效果的好坏并存 ,事故仍有发生 ,这说明此取值范围偏大。借助有限元软件ANSYS ,通过数值计算 ,可获得起爆瞬间 ,在结构自重作用下引起的爆破切口支撑部的应力与应变状态 ,因而 ,可分析出爆破切口长度较安全的取值范围。对比实际拆除爆破的效果 ,爆破切口长度取切口处筒体圆周长的 6 2 %～ 6 4 %是比较安全适宜的。数值分析所得出的结论 ,对爆破设计施工有一定的借鉴意义     

关于拆除爆破的几点建议

随着科技进步和社会经济的飞速发展 ,在城市改 (扩 )建过程中 ,拆除建筑 (构 )物的爆破工程被广泛应用 ,而爆破安全却日益引起人们重视。笔者分析了我国城市建 (构 )筑物拆除爆破的安全现状 ,指出了城市建筑与危房在爆破拆除中存在的问题 ,提出了相应的一些改进办法和建议     

长庆油田4731B型非金属集输管道老化特性实验研究

为推广非金属复合管在油田集输油领域的应用，明确其在集输环境中的老化特性是关键问题。基于集输油现场的工程条件，针对长庆油田试用的4731B型钢丝缠绕增强复合管，以采出原油、采出水为实验介质，通过挂片实验、水压爆破实验，借助电镜扫描、拉伸测试对复合管内衬层老化行为、拉伸性能以及复合管极限承压与老化特性进行研究。结果表明:采出原油与采出水均可渗透扩散进入内衬层内部，还会发生局部深入渗透；采出原油、采出水的局部渗透速率分别可达3.4，10.6 mm/a；在某些工况下，内衬层表面产生裂纹；短时间（168 h）内的介质渗透甚至裂纹对其机械性能影响较小，而光氧老化影响显著；现场服役813 d后，复合管极限承压下降2.79%，表明复合管承压性能稳定。     

Simulated reaction of formaldehyde and ambient atmospheric particulate matter using a chamber

The reaction of HCHO with Beijing winter's real ambient particulate matter(PM) inside a 3.3 m~3 Teflon Chamber was conducted in this study. NO_2, O_3 and H_2O gases were removed from the ambient aerosol before entering into the chamber. The decays of HCHO were monitored(acetylacetone spectrophotometry method) during the reactions at different PM number concentrations(N_a) and relative humidities(RHs), and the formed particulate formate was detected by IC and XPS techniques. The results showed that when RH was10%–15%, the decay rate of HCHO in the chamber was higher with the existence of PM from relatively clean days(with number concentration(N_a) 200,000 particle/L, 0.35–22.5 μm)compared to dirty days(N_a 200,000 particle/L, 0.35–22.5 μm). When RH increased to 30%–45%, PM can hardly have significant influences on the decay of HCHO. The formations of formate on the reacted PM were consistent with the HCHO decay rates at different ambient PM N_aand RH conditions. This is a first study related to the "real" ambient PM reacted with HCHO and suggested that in the clean and low RH days, PM could be an effective medium for the conversion of HCHO to formate.     

含汞原料中汞挥发速率的测试方法研究

以PVC行业废汞触媒、糊式锌锰电池浆液、含汞锌膏为原料,采用动力通量箱法测试其挥发速率,研究了最佳试验操作条件。结果表明:通量箱气体流速在0.5 L/min以下,采用两级大型气泡吸收管吸收挥发汞时效率可达99%以上,增加1次空白测量可测得通量箱壁汞吸附量。